Cardiac Output, Blood Pressure & Exercise Control Flashcards
(25 cards)
What is cardiac output (CO)?
The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
What two factors determine cardiac output?
Stroke volume and heart rate.
What is stroke volume (SV)?
The amount of blood pumped by one ventricle per beat.
What is heart rate (HR)?
The number of heartbeats per minute.
What is preload?
The degree of stretch of cardiac muscle fibers before contraction.
What is afterload?
The resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood.
What is contractility?
The strength of myocardial contraction.
What is the equation for cardiac output?
CO = HR × SV.
What is systolic blood pressure?
The maximum arterial pressure during heart contraction.
What is diastolic blood pressure?
The minimum arterial pressure during heart relaxation.
Which nervous system increases heart rate and contractility?
Sympathetic nervous system.
Which nervous system decreases heart rate?
Parasympathetic nervous system.
What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic nervous system use at the heart?
Norepinephrine.
What neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic nervous system use at the heart?
Acetylcholine.
How does the baroreceptor reflex regulate blood pressure?
By adjusting heart rate and vascular tone in response to changes in arterial pressure.
What are the major baroreceptor locations?
Carotid sinus and aortic arch.
What happens to sympathetic activity during exercise?
It increases to meet metabolic demands.
How does exercise affect cardiac output?
It increases significantly.
What happens to diastolic blood pressure during aerobic exercise?
It remains stable or may slightly decrease.
What happens to systolic blood pressure during exercise?
It rises proportionally to exercise intensity.
What is VO2 max?
The maximum rate of oxygen consumption during exercise.
How does endurance training affect heart structure?
Increased ventricular chamber size and wall thickness.
What is cardiac hypertrophy in athletes?
Physiological thickening of the ventricular walls without pathological effects.
What happens to resting heart rate after endurance training?
It decreases.
