Haematology

Question 1

What are the main components of blood?

Answer 1

Plasma and formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets).

Question 2

What are the formed elements of blood?

Answer 2

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

Question 3

What substances are transported by blood?

Answer 3

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, waste products.

Question 4

What is plasma made of?

Answer 4

Water, proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, wastes.

Question 5

What are the main plasma proteins?

Answer 5

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen.

Question 6

What is haematocrit?

Answer 6

The proportion of blood volume occupied by cells.

Question 7

What is the normal haematocrit value range for males?

Answer 7

0.42–0.54.

Question 8

What is the normal haematocrit value range for females?

Answer 8

0.37–0.47.

Question 9

What is the primary function of erythrocytes?

Answer 9

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Question 10

What molecule enables oxygen transport in red blood cells?

Answer 10

Haemoglobin.

Question 11

How long do erythrocytes typically live?

Answer 11

About 120 days.

Question 12

What is erythropoiesis?

Answer 12

The production of red blood cells.

Question 13

What hormone regulates erythropoiesis?

Answer 13

Erythropoietin (EPO).

Question 14

What are the three main types of leukocytes?

Answer 14

Granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes.

Question 15

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

Answer 15

Phagocytosis of bacteria and fungi.

Question 16

What do eosinophils defend against?

Answer 16

Parasitic worms.

Question 17

What chemical do basophils release?

Answer 17

Histamine.

Question 18

What is the main role of B-lymphocytes?

Answer 18

Produce antibodies against antigens.

Question 19

What is the main role of T-lymphocytes?

Answer 19

Destroy infected and cancerous cells.

Question 20

What do natural killer (NK) cells do?

Answer 20

Recognize and kill virus-infected or tumor cells.

Question 21

What is the function of platelets?

Answer 21

Promote clotting by forming platelet plugs.

Question 22

What is the first step of haemostasis after injury?

Answer 22

Vascular spasm (vasoconstriction).

Question 23

What is platelet plug formation?

Answer 23

Aggregation of activated platelets at a wound site.

Question 24

What is fibrin and its role in clotting?

Answer 24

An insoluble protein forming the mesh of a blood clot.

Question 25

What ion is essential for blood clotting?

Answer 25

Calcium (Ca2+).

Question 26

What determines blood type in the ABO system?

Answer 26

Surface antigens (A, B) on erythrocytes.

Question 27

What causes haemolytic transfusion reactions?

Answer 27

Antibodies reacting against transfused erythrocyte antigens.

Question 28

What is the Rhesus (Rh) factor?

Answer 28

A protein antigen (D) on the surface of red blood cells.

Question 29

What is haemolytic disease of the newborn?

Answer 29

An immune reaction when an Rh- mother carries an Rh+ fetus.

Question 30

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 30

Drains interstitial fluid, transports white blood cells, immune surveillance.

Question 31

What is opsonization?

Answer 31

Marking pathogens for destruction by immune cells.

Question 32

What is the complement cascade in immunity?

Answer 32

Series of reactions that enhance opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis.

Question 33

What laboratory test measures the intrinsic clotting pathway?

Answer 33

Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT).

Question 34

What laboratory test measures the extrinsic clotting pathway?

Answer 34

Prothrombin time (PT).

Question 35

What is warfarin's mechanism of action?

Answer 35

Inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.

Question 36

How does heparin act as an anticoagulant?

Answer 36

Enhances antithrombin activity to inhibit thrombin and factor Xa.

Question 37

What is thrombosis?

Answer 37

Formation of a blood clot inside an unbroken vessel.

Question 38

What is fibrinolysis?

Answer 38

The process of clot breakdown after healing.