Nervous system

Question 1

What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system?

Answer 1

Neuron

Question 2

True or False: The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Fill in the blank: The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes all the nerves outside the _____ and spinal cord.

Answer 3

brain

Question 4

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

Answer 4

Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 5

Multiple Choice: Which part of the neuron receives signals from other neurons? A) Axon B) Dendrite C) Synapse

Answer 5

B) Dendrite

Question 6

What is the role of myelin sheath?

Answer 6

To insulate axons and speed up nerve impulse transmission

Question 7

True or False: The autonomic nervous system controls voluntary movements.

Answer 7

False

Question 8

What are the two main branches of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 8

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 9

Fill in the blank: The _____ is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking and decision-making.

Answer 9

cerebral cortex

Question 10

Multiple Choice: Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with mood regulation? A) Dopamine B) Serotonin C) Acetylcholine

Answer 10

B) Serotonin

Question 11

What is the function of the spinal cord?

Answer 11

To transmit signals between the brain and the rest of the body

Question 12

True or False: Sensory neurons carry signals from the brain to the muscles.

Answer 12

False

Question 13

What type of neuron carries signals from sensory receptors to the CNS?

Answer 13

Sensory neurons

Question 14

Fill in the blank: The _____ nervous system prepares the body for ‘fight or flight’ responses.

Answer 14

sympathetic

Question 15

Multiple Choice: Which part of the brain is responsible for balance and coordination? A) Cerebrum B) Cerebellum C) Brainstem

Answer 15

B) Cerebellum

Question 16

What is the role of glial cells?

Answer 16

To support and protect neurons

Question 17

True or False: The brain is the largest organ in the nervous system.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

What is a reflex arc?

Answer 18

A neural pathway that controls a reflex action

Question 19

Fill in the blank: The _____ lobe is involved in processing visual information.

Answer 19

occipital

Question 20

Multiple Choice: Which part of the brain regulates vital functions such as heart rate and breathing? A) Cerebrum B) Cerebellum C) Brainstem

Answer 20

C) Brainstem

Question 21

How many neurons in somatic motor and autonomic pathways?

Answer 21

Somatic – 1 neuron in each direction
Autonomic – 2 neurons; preganglionic and post-gang

Question 22

Why are different receptor subtypes used for adrenaline and noradrenaline?

Answer 22

Different receptor subtypes allow adrenaline and noradrenaline to produce specific, tissue-dependent effects by binding with different affinities, helping the body respond in a precise and flexible way.

Question 23

Which neurotransmitters are used on somatic motor neurons

Answer 23

Acetylcholine

Question 24

Which neurotransmitters are used on sympathetic nervous system

Answer 24

At ganglion – Acetylcholine
At target organ – Noradrenaline

Question 25

Which neurotransmitters are used on parasympathetic pathways

Answer 25

Acetylcholine

Question 26

Which receptors are responsible for spreading the message on somatic motor neurones

Answer 26

At target organ – Nicotinic ACh receptors

Question 27

Which receptors are responsible for spreading the message on sympathetic nervous system

Answer 27

At ganglion – Nicotinc ACh receptors At target organ – Adrenergic (α and β) receptors.

Question 28

Which receptors are responsible for spreading the message on parasympathetic pathways

Answer 28

At ganglion – Nicotinc ACh receptors At target organ – Muscarinic ACh receptors

Question 29

what is a cation-selective ligand-gated channels (what they allow through, effect of cell, examples)

Answer 29

What they allow through: Positive ions (cations), such as Na⁺, K⁺, and sometimes Ca²⁺ Effect on the cell: Usually cause depolarization (make the inside of the cell more positive) This often excites the neuron or muscle cell → can trigger an action potential Examples: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (open to Na⁺ and K⁺) Glutamate receptors (e.g., AMPA, NMDA)

Question 30

what is a anion-selective ligand-gated channels (what they allow through, effect of cell, examples)

Answer 30

What they allow through: Negative ions (anions), usually Cl⁻ Effect on the cell: Usually cause hyperpolarization (make the inside more negative) This inhibits the neuron, making it less likely to fire an action potential Examples: GABA-A receptors (Cl⁻ channels) Glycine receptors

Question 31

Which one of the following statements about an action potential is correct? A.It is a result of Na+ and K+ entering the cell B.It is a transient depolarisation of a cell C.It can only be generated in nerves D.It is conducted more slowly in myelinated, compared to unmyelinated, nerves E.It is generated when the membrane potential becomes more negative compared to the resting value

Answer 31

B

Question 32

The sympathetic nervous system…. A.Has a long pre-ganglionic, and short postganglionic fibre B.When activated is responsible for adrenaline secretion from the adrenal glands C.Has acetylcholine as a postganglionic neurotransmitter D.When activated slows the heart rate E.Has adrenaline as a preganglionic neurotransmitter

Answer 32

B

Question 33

Does the sympathetic nervous system have long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers?

Answer 33

No — that describes the parasympathetic system. The sympathetic system has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers. S for sympathetic and short then long (opposite for parasympathetic)

Question 34

Is acetylcholine the main postganglionic neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 34

No — the sympathetic system mainly uses noradrenaline as the postganglionic neurotransmitter.

Question 35

Does the sympathetic nervous system slow the heart rate?

Answer 35

No — it increases the heart rate. The parasympathetic system (vagus nerve) slows it down.

Question 36

Is adrenaline released by preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 36

No — preganglionic neurons in both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems release acetylcholine, not adrenaline. Adrenaline is released by the adrenal medulla, stimulated by the sympathetic system.

Question 37

what is the sequence of events for pre and post ganglion neurons in each sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

Answer 37

Sympathetic Pathway Preganglionic neuron (short) → releases ACh → stimulates... Postganglionic neuron (long) → releases noradrenaline → affects heart, lungs, etc. Parasympathetic Pathway Preganglionic neuron (long) → releases ACh → stimulates... Postganglionic neuron (short) → releases ACh → affects digestive system, slows heart rate, etc. Axon of pre goes to: An autonomic ganglion (a cluster of nerve cells outside the CNS)