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SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY > Cardiac Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiac Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

One of the three types of muscle tissue

A

Cardiac Muscle

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2
Q

They branch out and they have an Intercalated Disc
that have tunnels that allows rapid conduction of
action potential where ions can pass through

A

Cardiac Muscle

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3
Q

three major type of cardiac muscle tissue,

A

Atrial Muscle Fibers
Ventricular Muscle Fibers
Excitatory and Conductive Muscle Fibers

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4
Q

Muscle fibers that :

Contract feebly, meaning it’s contraction is not that strong due to few contractile fibrils

It exhibits automatic and rhythmical electrical discharge in the form of action potentials or conduction through the heart

A

Excitatory and Conductive Muscle Fibers

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5
Q

T or F
Your cardiac muscle fibers is arranged in a linear line wherein the fibers are dividing, recombining, and spreading again, showing a straight appearance

A

FALSE
Your cardiac muscle fibers is arranged in a latticework wherein the fibers are dividing, recombining, and spreading again, showing a branched appearance

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6
Q

Striated due to cardiac ___ which also contains the __and myosin filaments similar to the skeletal muscle fibers

A

Striated due to cardiac myofibrils which also contains
the actin and myosin filaments similar to the skeletal
muscle fibers

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7
Q

cell membranes that separates individual muscle cells in your cardiac muscle

A

Intercalated discs

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8
Q

The CArdiac Action Potential has a resting membrane potential of about ____

A

Has a resting membrane potential of about 80-
85mV

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9
Q

The cardiac Action Potential:
The overshoot is at +____
Characteristically has a plateau, the ___ second duration of pure depolarization

A

The overshoot is at +20mV
❖ Characteristically has a plateau, the 0.2 second duration of pure depolarization

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10
Q

o Depolarization is caused by the opening of the fast voltage gated sodium channels
o It closes abruptly, and then repolarization occurs

A

Skeletal Muscle

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11
Q

What phase?
○ The cardiac cell is stimulated causing depolarization of the cardiac cell
○ Your fast voltage gated Na channels opens causing a Na influx

A

Phase 0
Depolarization Phase

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12
Q

What phase?
○ The slow VG Ca channels are fully open causing the Ca ions influx
○ Ca channels also allows entry of Na ions
○ Na ion influx also takes place
○ Some fast K channels closes here causing a decrease in K efflux

A

Phase 2
Plateau Phase

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12
Q

What phase?
○The fast voltage gated Na channels closed, thereby, Na influx stops
○ Take note that, the slow K channels are fully open causing the K efflux resulting to repolarization

A

Phase 1
Initial Repolarization Phase

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12
Q

The normal cardiac refractory period is about _____seconds, which corresponds to the plateau phase of the cardiac action potential

A

0.25 to 0.30 seconds

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12
Q

T or F
Phase 4 - Heart rate Levels
○Averages to about -80 to -90mV

A

FASLE
Phase 4 - Resting Levels
○Averages to about -80 to -90mV

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12
Q

What phase?
○ The rapid repolarization
○ The slow VG Ca channels fully closes
○ In here, the Ca and Na influx stops and the slow K channels are still open
○ The point where permeability of the membrane to K increases which allows K efflux to occur

A

Phase 3
Repolarization Phase

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12
Q

● What gives the rhythmicity to the atrial node?

A

In comparison to the ventricular muscle,
because atrial muscles should have a
different rate of contraction than the
ventricles

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12
Q

Node delays transmission of AP to the ventricles
➢ This allows the atria to contract and empty their blood into the ventricles before ventricular contraction begins

A

AV Node

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12
Q

the interval time during which normal cardiac impulse cannot re excite an already excited area of the cardiac muscle

A

Refractory Period

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12
Q

o The pacemaker of the heart
o It sets the rhythmicity of the heart

A

SA Node

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12
Q

How does the leakiness not cause constant depolarization?

A

The opening of many K channels, causes a
K influx, the charge goes back to the
negative charge

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12
Q

The nerve that causes decrease in heart rate, the ??? Nerve, by the parasympathetic nervous system. While the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate

A

VAgus Nerve

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13
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

Located behind the tricuspid valve

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13
Q

Between the atrium and the ventricles, the only connection is via the _____, so the AP won’t flow from the internodal pathway towards the ventricles

A

AV bundle of his

13
Q

The most distal aspect
o They penetrate about 1⁄3 of the way into the muscle mass and becomes continuous with the cardiac muscle

A

Purkinje Fibers

13
Q

The stimulus is also the atrial stretch, in here
when your atrial walls are stretched, it activates
stretch receptors

A

Bainbridge Reflex

13
Q

The distal portion enters the ventricular septum and divides into two - left and right, a connection

A

Left and Right Purkinje Fibers

13
Q

What phase in the cardiac cycle blood from the atria is going to the Ventricle

A

Phase 1 - Atrial Systole

13
Q

the cardiac muscles are relaxed, your heart is beginning to pump, the passive flow of the blood

A

Diastole

13
Q

What phase in the cardiac cycle AV valves closes and SL valves open, The right ventricular pressure rises above the
pressure of the pulmonary artery and vice versa to the aorta

A

Phase 3 - Ejection

13
Q

■ The final 2⁄3 of the phase
■ The remaining 30% is pumped
■ The pressure inside the ventricles decreases, and the pressure build up at the pulmonary trunk and the aorta

A

Slow ejection

13
Q

■ Occurs about the first 1⁄3 wherein 70% of blood is rapidly ejected
■ Blood goes to the pulmonary trunk

A

○ Rapid ejection

13
Q

What phase in the cardiac cycle - Has two parts
○ Rapid ejection and ○ Slow ejection

A

Phase 3 - Ejection

13
Q

What phase in the cardiac cycle ○ Ventricles contract without emptying

A

Phase 2 - Ventricular Systole or Isovolumetric Contraction

13
Q

Describes how your heart pumps blood, from atria to ventricles

A

Cardiac Cycle

14
Q

Define:
Preload
Afterload

A

❖ Preload is the ventricular pressure
❖ Afterload is when it exerts the force which the ventricle must contract

14
Q

What phase in the cardiac cycle
Ventricles relaxes
○ Has four subphases :
➢ Protodiastole,
➢ Isovolumetric Relaxation,
➢ Passive Ventricular Filling,
➢ Aortic Pressure Curve

A

Phase 4 - Ventricular Diastole

14
Q

Cardiac Muscle Hypertrophy
increases the stress, decreasing the blood volume.

A

Wolff’s Law

14
Q

Parasympathetic Stimulation
o ___ cardiac rhythm and conduction
o ___the rate of rhythm of the SA Node

A

Parasympathetic Stimulation
o Slows cardiac rhythm and conduction
o Decreases the rate of rhythm of the SA Node

14
Q

Cardiovascular Center at the ?

A

Cardiovascular Center at the Medulla Oblongata

14
Q

Ventricular Escape
o ___ your heart significantly
o When your ventricles stop beating for 5 to 20 seconds, Purkinje Fibers will start its own rhythm that causes ventricular contraction to about 15 to 40 beats per minute

A

Ventricular Escape
o Slows down your heart significantly
o When your ventricles stop beating for 5 to 20 seconds, Purkinje Fibers will start its own rhythm that causes ventricular contraction to about 15 to 40 beats per minute

14
Q

Due to the sympathetic fibers it increases the rate of contraction of both atrial and ventricular muscle innervates almost all areas of the heart unlike your vagus nerve that innervates SA and AV Node

A

Sympathetic Stimulation

14
Q

The strength of contractility depends upon the amount of venous blood return, the amount of blood coming back from the veins to the right atrium – SVC and IVC and some from the coronary sinus

A

Frank-Starling Mechanism or Law

15
Q

Reason for the increase in strength of contractility?

A

your cardiac muscle in response to a sudden stretch is to contract
➢ The ability to contract is a characteristic of all striated muscles
➢ The amount of strength of contraction of the heart is proportional to the amount of stretch

15
Q

Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors also takes part
o Baroreceptors in __
o Chemoreceptors in ___

A

Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors also takes part
o Baroreceptors in circulatory
o Chemoreceptors in pulmonary

15
Q

Effect of thyroid hormones

A

Increases contractility and heart rate
o General effect is to increase basal metabolic rate

16
Q

Hormones that - increases HR and contractility, hormones of the sympathetic nervous system, the fight or flight response

A

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

17
Q

excess sodium in the ECF
➢ Decreases force of contraction because excess sodium blocks the inflow of calcium during an action potential

A

Hypernatremia -

17
Q

T or F
Newborn baby has lower heart rate since the baby is small, it needs to be conducted slower

A

FASLE
Newborn baby
o has higher heart rate since the baby is small,
it needs to conduct faster

17
Q

T or F
Hypokalemia results to cardiac arrest

A

TRUE

17
Q

________for athletes is a beneficial effect of endurance type of training, the training focuses on cardiovascular endurance

A

bradycardia for athletes is a beneficial effect of
endurance type of training, the training focuses
on cardiovascular endurance

17
Q

T or F
High temperature, increases HR about double the normal and enhances contractile strength - during exercise

A

TRUE

18
Q

T or F
Females have slightly higher resting HR than adult males, but with regular exercise thr HR equalizes for both sexes

A

TRUE

19
Q
A
20
Q

Hypercalcemia means?

A

Hypercalcemia - an excess calcium

20
Q
A
20
Q

Decreased calcium causes cardiac
weakness similar to hyperkalemia

A

Hypocalcemia

20
Q
A

SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY (14 decks)

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