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Human Sciences II ( Year 0) > Cardiac System > Flashcards

Cardiac System Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Explain the closed double circulatory system

A

blood passes through heart twice for every circuit around body:
1.Deoxygenated blood in right side of heart pumped to lungs; oxygenated returns to left side
2.Oxygenated blood in left side of heart pumped to rest of body; deoxygenated returns to right

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2
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3
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4
Q

What is the myocardium and name its properties

A

-heart muscle
-functions as a unit
-striated lattice like network
-branched, long chains
-mono- nucleated cells (15 um x 100 um)
-intercellular junctions
( intercalated discs, contain desmosomes and gap junctions )

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5
Q
A

Myocardium

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6
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A
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7
Q

What are the functions of pericardium ?

A

-helps cushion the heart
-reduces friction
-retains the heart in its position in the thoracic cavity

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8
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9
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10
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11
Q

Cardiac cycle

A
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12
Q

What is the arterial system?

A

•Aorta-> arteries -> arterioles
•Vessels have endothelial tissue, smooth muscle, and connective tissue

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13
Q

What is the function of an artery?

A

Carry blood away from heart at high pressure

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14
Q

What is the function of a vein?

A

Carry blood back to heart at lower pressure

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15
Q
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16
Q

Name properties of capillaries

A

• Microscopic vessels ~ 0.01 mm in diameter
• Capillary walls contain one layer of epithelial cells
• Skeletal muscles have a dense capillary network
• Myocardium has an even denser network

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17
Q

What does having a large capillary network mean?

A

Increased surface area for diffusion

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

True or False: the tunica media of the artery is thinner compared to the to the tunica media of the vein.

A

False- the artery has a thicker tunica media

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20
Q

What is the venous return?

A

• Muscle Pump
- Directs blood back towards the heart
-Prevents pooling and oedema
• One-way valves prevent back flow

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21
Q

Veins serve as ………..

A

Capacitators

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22
Q

At rest 60 ~ 65% of blood is on the………. side of the system

A

Venous

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23
Q

What is the function of valves?

A

-control flow of blood from one chamber to another
-prevent back flow

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24
Q
A
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25
Right and left coronary arteries branch off the ……. ………. ………
Upper ascending aorta
26
27
28
What does the right coronary artery do?
supplies blood predominantly to the right atrium and ventricle
29
What does the left coronary artery do?
supplies blood to the left atrium and ventricle and a small portion of the right ventricle
30
What does the autonomic innervation of the heart do?
Modifies the intrinsic (basic) rhythm of the heart which is approx 100bpm.
31
What is the function of the right side of the heart?
• Receive blood returning from body • Pump blood to lungs for gas exchange
32
What is the function of the left side of the heart?
• Receive oxygenated blood from lungs • Pump blood into systemic circulation
33
Ventricles ……… during systole (blood flows …..)
1.contract 2.out of
34
Ventricles ….. during diastole (blood flows …. From the atria)
1.relaxes 2.in
35
Heart beat at rest is approx……
60-70bpm
36
What is it called when the resting > 100bpm ?
Trachycardia
37
True or false: tachycardia leads to a higher strain on cardiovascular system.
True
38
What is it called when resting <60bpm ?
Bradycardia
39
Bradycardia can still be normal in ……….
Athletes
40
What is the P wave in an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
Electrical change associated with atrial contraction.
41
What is the QRS wave in an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
Electrical signal associated with the ventricular contraction.
42
What is the T wave in an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
Electrical change associated with ventricular relaxation.
43
What does the ECG trace?
Conduction of the electrical signals through the heart.
44
What does understanding what the electrical signals in an ECG allow us to interpret?
Activity of the heart muscles
45
Where is the cardiovascular control centre (CCC) located?
Medulla oblongata
46
Medulla oblongata
47
What is the average normal resting blood pressure?
120 / 80 mmHg
48
What can high intensity dynamic exercise increase systolic blood pressure to?
Up to 250 mmHg
49
What can high intensity dynamic exercise increase diastolic blood pressure to?
Up to 110 mmHg ## Footnote This indicates the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats.
50
What is considered chronically elevated blood pressure?
> 140 / 90 mmHg -This condition is referred to as hypertension.
51
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system that send signals to the heart?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
52
What is the main function of the parasympathetic system at rest?
Slowing the heart's intrinsic rhythm, known as vagal tone
53
What role do baroreceptors play in blood pressure regulation?
They detect changes in blood pressure (BP)
54
What happens to baroreceptors when blood pressure rises?
They are stretched, triggering the CCC to increase parasympathetic stimulation
55
Which nerve is involved in reducing blood pressure through increased parasympathetic stimulation?
Vagus nerve
56
What is the effect of increased parasympathetic stimulation on blood pressure?
It reduces blood pressure
57
What is resistance in blood flow due to?
Reduced diameter of vessels in peripheral regions (peripheral resistance)
58
Why does the diameter of blood vessels increase when there’s an increase in CO2?
To reduce strain on the cardiovascular system
59
What is meant by compliance in blood flow?
Ability to stretch when pressure increases
60
What is meant by elastance in blood flow?
Ability to recoil to original dimensions.
61
62
What do precapillary sphincters do?
Regulate flow
63
Capillaries open and flow increases when there’s environment is …….. and during ………..
1.warm 2.exercise
64
What regulates resistance and blood flow in arteries and veins?
The tunica media regulates resistance and blood flow by vasoconstriction or vasodilation.
65
What causes vasoconstriction in peripheral blood vessels?
Sympathetic stimulation by nerves or adrenaline causes vasoconstriction.
66
What does the peripheral vascular system consist of?
veins and arteries not in the chest or abdomen (i.e. in the arms, hands, legs, and feet).
67
What causes local vasodilation?
Metabolic waste products (CO2 and H+)
68
What percentage of available O2 does the myocardium extract at rest?
70-80%
69
By how much must blood flow increase during exercise to meet O2 demand?
5-7 times
70
What triggers vasodilation of blood vessels to the heart?
* Adenosine * Hypoxia * Sympathetic stimulation

Human Sciences II ( Year 0) (11 decks)

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