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Human Sciences II ( Year 0) > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the alimentary canal and organs (gastrointestinal tract)

A

mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

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2
Q

Name accessory digestive organs

A

tongue, teeth, and glands

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A
  1. Formation and secretion of bile.
  2. Nutrients and vitamin metabolism.
  3. Inactivates some substances (toxins, steroid, and other hormones)
  4. Synthesis of plasma proteins.
  5. Contributes with immunity.
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5
Q

what is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Does not make bile, but stores and concentrates it.

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6
Q

what is the function of bile?

A

-Bile secretion contains bile salts and phospholipids
-which break the fat, in the process called “Emulsification.”

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7
Q

Pharynx has …… skeletal muscle layers lined with …….. ……… epithelium.

A

1.two
2. stratified squamous

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8
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A
  1. receive food from the esophagus, mix food with gastric juice.
  2. Start protein digestion.
  3. Move food into the small intestine.
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9
Q

what is the function of the pancreas?

A

The acini glands of the exocrine pancreas produce pancreatic juice.

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10
Q

Name the enzymes the pancreatic juice consists off and their roles.

A
  1. Amylase: which digests carbohydrates.
  2. Lipase: which digests of fat.
  3. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, digests protein.
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11
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine/

A
  1. Absorptions of less than 10% of the nutrients
  2. prepares fecal material for ejection from the body.
  3. Reabsorption of water and other substances such as bile salts, vitamins, toxins of bacteria.
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12
Q

Small intestine consists of …….

A

duodenum, jejunum and ileum

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13
Q

What is the function of the duodenum?

A

Preparation for absorption through villi

The duodenum is the shortest part of the small intestine.

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14
Q

What is the primary role of the jejunum?

A

-Absorption of small nutrient particles previously digested by enzymes.
-This occurs through its lining by enterocytes.

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15
Q

What does the ileum primarily absorb?

A

Vitamin B12, bile salts, and undigested products from the jejunum.

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16
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity contains most ….. organs.

A

G1

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17
Q

Serous membranes, including the peritoneum, are ………, with serous fluid between them, allowing …….. movement of digestive organs

A

1.smooth
2.easy

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18
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

-thin serous membrane
-smooth
-transparent
-two-layered
-lubricated by fluid derived from serum

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19
Q
A
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20
Q
A
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21
Q

Deep to the extraperitoneal fascia……

A

-Lines the walls of the abdominal cavity( parietal peritoneum)
-Reflection into abdominal cavity (visceral peritoneum)

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22
Q

Parietal peritoneum surrounds most of the …… organs and ……..

A

1.digestive
2.tissue

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23
Q

Visceral peritoneum is ………… with the………….. and wraps around the ……. …….., supporting it.

A

1.continuous
2. mesentery
3. G1 tract

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24
Q

The posterior surface of the greater omentum is laced with ……. to …….., ……… and ………..

A

1.fat
2.insulate, cushion and protect

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25
what are the 6 G1 functions?
ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, digestion, absorption and defecation
26
what is ingestion?
taking food into the digestive tract ( eating)
27
what does propulsion do?
-moves food through alimentary canal ( swallowing) which is initiated voluntarily -peristalsis , an involuntary process ( waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ walls)
28
what does mechanical digestion do?
-increases surface area of ingested food to prepare it for digestion by enzymes. -process involves chewing, mixing food with saliva, churning food and segmentation. -Segmentation mixes food with digestive juices and makes absorption efficient by repeatedly moving diff parts of the food mass over the intestinal wall
29
what is digestion?
-series of steps in which enzymes secreted into the lumen (cavity) of the alimentary canal break down complex food molecules to their chemical building blocks.
30
what is absorption?
-passage of digested end products (plus vitamins, minerals, and water) from the lumen of the GI tract -through the mucosal cells by active or passive transport into the blood or lymph.
31
what does defecation do?
eliminates indigestible substances from the body via the anus in the form of feces
32
33
what is the moist epithelial layer that lines the lumen of the alimentary canal?
Mucosa
34
what are the three layers that the mucosa consists off?
-epithelium -laminated propria -muscularis mucosae
35
what are the three functions of the mucosa?
- Secretion of mucus - Absorption of end products of digestion - Protection against infectious disease
36
Where is the enteric nervous system?
embedded in the lining of the GI tract.
37
What types of signals does the enteric nervous system receive?
receives signals from the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous systems.
38
What are the two types of ganglia in the enteric nervous system?
-Myenteric plexus -Submucosal plexus
39
What types of nerve fibers provide signals to the gastrointestinal tract?
-receives signals via efferent nerve fibres from: * Vagus nerves * Spinal efferent pathways
40
41
What type of epithelium lines the mouth to withstand abrasions?
stratified squamous epithelium
42
Which parts of the mouth are slightly keratinised to withstand abrasions?
The gums, hard palate, and dorsum of the tongue
43
44
where are intrinsic salivary glands located and how do they keep the mouth moist?
-located within the mucosa -have continuous secretion to keep the mouth moist.
45
Where are extrinsic salivary glands located?
-located outside of the mouth
46
What type of saliva do extrinsic salivary glands secrete?
secrete serous, enzyme-rich saliva.
47
What stimulates the secretion of saliva from extrinsic salivary glands?
-ingested food which stimulates chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors -the thought of food
48
How many ducts are paired for each type of extrinsic salivary gland?
parotid, submandibular, sublingual.
49
What effect does strong sympathetic stimulation have on salivation?
inhibits salivation and results in dry mouth.
50
where does most of the stomach’s digestive activity occur?
pyloric region
51
52
53
brush border contains roughly….. microvilli
2000
54
name the brush border enzymes
di and tri-peptidases, sucrase, maltase, lactase
55
how much gastric fluid do the gastric glands secrete per meal?
400-800 cm^3
56
what is chyme and what is its pH?
-food bolus and gastric fluid -pH 1.5-2
57
what absorption occurs within the stomach?
-some ions -some water -many drugs (e.g. aspirin) -alcohol
58
what is the mucosal structure?
•Villi change from tall, foliate, & numerous in the duodenum •to less numerous and finger-like in the ileum. •Ratio of goblet cells to enterocytes increases from duodenum to ileum.
59
60
What is the turnover rate of gastric pit cells?
2-4 days (undergo constant turnover to maintain stomach lining integrity)
61
What do gastric pit cells protect the stomach epithelium from?
Proteolytic action of pepsin and HCl from parietal cells.
62
what do parietal cells secrete?
HCI and lipases
63
0.15M HCI= pH…..
1
64
why does the HCI make the stomach’s contents acidic?
for activation of pepsin
65
what is a glycoprotein (instrinsic factor) required for?
b12 absorption in the small intestine
66
what do chief cells produce?
pepsinogen (prorenin at milk fed stage)
67
what does HCI hydrolyses pepsinogen to?
pepsin
68
what are the three small intestine regions?
-ileum -jejunum -duodenum
69
which small intestine region is this?
ileum
70
which small intestine region is this?
jejunum
71
which small intestine region is this?
duodenum
72
what’s the pH of the stomach?
1-3
73
what is the pH of the duodenum?
6
74
what is the pH of the jejunum and ileum?
7-8
75
What is Hydrochloric Acid (HCI) primarily known for?
Killing bacteria
76
What effect does Hydrochloric Acid (HCI) have on proteins and fibrous tissues?
Denatures proteins and softens fibrous tissues in food.
77
What enzyme does Hydrochloric Acid (HCI) activate?
Pepsin
78
How does Hydrochloric Acid (HCI) affect calcium and iron salts?
causes calcium and iron salts to be suitable for absorption in intestine.
79
What process related to sucrose does Hydrochloric Acid (HCI) initiate?
Begins hydrolysis of sucrose.
80
What does Hydrochloric Acid (HCI) hydrolyze nucleoproteins into?
Nucleic acid and protein.
81
what is the length of the large intestine?
1.5 meters
82
large intestine
83
84
what does the bile (from gallbladder) consist of?
-strongly alkaline salts -bile pigments -cholesterol
85
name the enzymes secreted in pancreatic juices
-amylase -lipase -enteropeptidase -trypsinogen -chymotrypsinogen -nucleases -carboxy -aminopeptidases
86
what does fat digestion require?
emulsification and enzymatic lysis (lipase)
87
what do zymogen granules release?
zymogen ( inactive enzyme)
88
89
90
91
what does hepatic circulation do?
-Collects nutrient-rich venous blood from the digestive viscera -Delivers this blood to the liver for metabolic processing and storage -And detoxification
92
where is the chylomicron made?
endoplasmic reticulum of absorptive cells of mucosal villi cells.
93
what does the chylomicron do?
-Transports dietary lipids from intestines -via lymphatic system -then bloodstream to adipose, cardiac & muscle tissue.
94
what are triglycerides hydrolysed by and what do they become?
-hydrolysed by lipoprotein lipase -into free fatty acids and glycerol
95
chylomicron
96
CHYLOMICRON …..-…..% triglycerides …..-…..% cholesterol …..-…..% proteins 3D structure due to …………. molecules
*85-92 *1-3 *1-2 -amphipathic

Human Sciences II ( Year 0) (11 decks)

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