Reproductive System

Question 1

state the pathway of sperm through male reproductive tract.

Answer 1

seminiferous tubules -> epididymis->vas deferens->ejaculatory duct->urethra->penis

Question 2

what are the 4 major functions of male glands?

Answer 2

1.Activating spermatozoa
2.providing nutrients (important for motility)
3.produce fluids (for propelling spermatozoa)
4.producing buffers (to neutralise the vaginal environments)

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

what is the perineum?

Answer 4

-region between the genital area and anus in both sexes
-it anchors the roots of the external genitalia

Question 5

What is the scrotum?

Answer 5

-out-pouching of the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall
-contains the testes, epididymidis, and the lower ends of the spermatic cords.

Question 6

What type of muscle is the cremaster muscle?

Answer 6

The cremaster muscle is a thin layer of skeletal muscle.

Question 7

What does the dartos fascia contain?

Answer 7

contains smooth muscle

Question 8

What is the spermatic cord?

Answer 8

A collection of structures that travels through the inguinal canal and pass to and from the testis.

Question 9

What surrounds the spermatic cord?

Answer 9

-3 concentric layers of fascia
-derived from the layers of the anterior abdominal wall during embryonic development.

Question 10

What are the structures within the testis where spermatogenesis occurs?

Answer 10

Tightly-coiled seminiferous tubules.

Question 11

Where are the testes located for normal spermatogenesis to occur?

Answer 11

In the scrotum

Question 12

What is the required temperature difference for normal spermatogenesis?

Answer 12

About 3°C lower than abdominal temperature.

Question 13

What reflex actions stabilise the temperature of the testes?

Answer 13

-Contraction of the dartos and cremaster muscles
-and by surrounding vasculature
(countercurrent heat exchange mechanism)

Question 14

What shape is the epididymis?

Answer 14

Comma shaped structure

Question 15

Where is the epididymis located in relation to the testis?

Answer 15

Posterior to the testis and lateral to the vas deferens

Question 16

What are the main components of the epididymis?

Answer 16

Head, body, and tail

Question 17

What is the structure of the epididymis composed of?

Answer 17

A highly coiled tube embedded in connective tissue.

Question 18

What does the epididymis join?

Answer 18

The vas deferens.

Question 19

What are the main functions of the epididymis? (List them)

Answer 19

• Transportation
• Concentration
• Storage
• Maturation of spermatozoa

Question 20

what do the vas deferens do?

Answer 20

convey sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct and urethra.

Question 21

What are the seminal vesicles?

Answer 21

Two lobulated organs located between the urinary bladder and rectum

Question 22

Where do the seminal vesicles join to form the ejaculatory duct?

Answer 22

They join the vas deferens

Question 23

What percentage of semen volume is produced by the seminal vesicles?

Answer 23

About 60%

Question 24

Why do seminal vesicles produce secretion into the seminal fluid?

Answer 24

to provide nutrients for the spermatozoa

Question 25

What happens to the walls of the seminal vesicles during ejaculation?

Answer 25

They contract and expel their contents into the ejaculatory ducts

Question 26

During ejaculation, what do the seminal vesicles help wash out of the urethra?

Answer 26

Spermatozoa

Question 27

What are ejaculatory ducts formed by?

Answer 27

The union of the vas deferens and the duct of the seminal vesicle

Question 28

Where do the ejaculatory ducts open into?

Answer 28

The prostatic part of the urethra

Question 29

What do the ejaculatory ducts drain?

Answer 29

Seminal fluid

Question 30

What is the location where ejaculatory ducts pierce?

Answer 30

The posterior surface of the prostate

Question 31

What is the primary difference in length between male and female urethras?

Answer 31

The male urethra is longer compared to the female urethra.

Question 32

Where does the male urethra extend from and to?

Answer 32

Extends from the neck of the bladder to the external meatus on the glans penis.

Question 33

How many parts is the male urethra divided into?

Answer 33

The male urethra is divided into 3 parts.

Question 34

What are the three parts of the male urethra?

Answer 34

* Prostatic urethra * Membranous urethra * Penile urethra

Question 35

what does the male reproductive system contain?

Answer 35

-primary sex organ- testis (ovaries in females ) -secondary sex organs- external genitalia, penis and scrotum -ducts-epididymis, vas deferents, ejaculatory duct, urethra -glands- seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral gland

Question 36

What type of organ is the prostate?

Answer 36

Fibromuscular glandular organ

Question 37

Where is the prostate located?

Answer 37

Surrounds the prostatic urethra, lies between the neck of the bladder and the urogenital diaphragm

Question 38

What are the components of the prostate's structure?

Answer 38

Numerous glands, smooth muscle, connective tissue

Question 39

Where do the ducts of the prostate open?

Answer 39

Into the prostatic urethra

Question 40

What fluid does the prostate produce?

Answer 40

Thin milky fluid that is added to the seminal fluid

Question 41

What percentage of semen does prostate fluid constitute?

Answer 41

20-30%

Question 42

The prostate's fluid is added to which other type of fluid at ejaculation?

Answer 42

Seminal fluid

Question 43

Answer 43

Question 44

Where are most of the female reproductive organs located?

Answer 44

In the pelvic cavity

Question 45

Which female reproductive organs are located in the pelvic cavity?

Answer 45

* Ovaries * Uterine/Fallopian tubes * Uterus * Superior vagina * Inferior vagina * External genitalia

Question 46

What is the location of the inferior vagina and external genitalia?

Answer 46

In the perineum

Question 47

What divides the pelvic cavity into anteroinferior and posterosuperior compartments?

Answer 47

The peritoneal lining of the pelvic cavity

Question 48

What does the anteroinferior compartment of the pelvic cavity contain?

Answer 48

Bladder

Question 49

What does the posterosuperior compartment of the pelvic cavity contain?

Answer 49

Rectum

Question 50

What are the broad ligaments formed by?

Answer 50

The anterior and posterior layers of the peritoneal fold either side of the uterus

Question 51

What do the broad ligaments connect?

Answer 51

From the lateral margins of the uterus to the lateral pelvic walls

Question 52

Answer 52

Question 53

What are the female gonads called?

Answer 53

Ovaries

Question 54

What are the ovaries analogous to in males?

Answer 54

Testes

Question 55

Where do the ovaries lie in relation to the uterus?

Answer 55

In the broad ligament against the lateral wall of the uterus

Question 56

How are the ovaries connected to the uterus?

Answer 56

By the ligament of the ovary

Question 57

What are the two functions of the ovaries?

Answer 57

-production of the female germ cells (ova) -production of female sex hormones

Question 58

How often is a single ovum shed by the ovaries?

Answer 58

Approximately every month

Question 59

What happens to the ovum after it is shed from the ovary?

Answer 59

-It enters the peritoneal cavity to be engulfed by the infundibulum of the uterine tube -This helps convey the ovum to the uterus.

Question 60

How long does it take for the ovum to be conveyed to the uterus after being shed?

Answer 60

4 days

Question 61

What are the female sex hormones produced by the ovaries?

Answer 61

Estrogens and progesterone

Question 62

What is the function of the uterine tube?

Answer 62

The uterine tube facilitates the meeting of sperm and ovum for fertilisation.

Question 63

Where does fertilization typically occur in the uterine tube?

Answer 63

Usually in the ampulla.

Question 64

What helps move the fertilised ovum towards the uterus?

Answer 64

Smooth muscle contractions and the action of cilia.

Question 65

What is a potential consequence of delayed passage of the dividing ovum?

Answer 65

Tubual pregnancy.

Question 66

What usually follows a rupture of the uterine tube?

Answer 66

Severe haemorrhage, usually within 4 to 6 weeks.

Question 67

What changes in the uterine tubes during the menstrual cycle?

Answer 67

Vascularity of the lining.

Question 68

Fill in the blank: The uterine tube extends laterally from the uterus and communicates with the _______.

Answer 68

uterine cavity

Question 69

True or False: The uterine tube is located within the broad ligament.

Answer 69

True.

Question 70

What are the three main parts of the uterus?

Answer 70

The fundus, body, and cervix( which projects into the vagina)

Question 71

What connects the uterine cavity to the cervical canal?

Answer 71

-The internal os -The internal os opens into the vagina through the external os.

Question 72

True or False: The uterus is fixed in place and immobile.

Answer 72

False (The uterus is relatively free and mobile)

Question 73

Where does the body of the uterus typically rest in relation to the bladder?

Answer 73

Overlies the superior surface of the empty bladder.

Question 74

Fill in the blank: The uterus is bent forward along its own _______.

Answer 74

axis

Question 75

is the uterus thick walled?

Answer 75

yes

Question 76

What undergoes extensive changes during the menstrual cycle?

Answer 76

The endometrium

Question 77

What triggers the changes in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?

Answer 77

Circulating levels of the ovarian hormones.

Question 78

What happens to the endometrium if fertilisation of the ovum does not occur?

Answer 78

It is shed each month.

Question 79

What occurs if fertilisation does occur?

Answer 79

The ovum becomes embedded in the uterine wall.

Question 80

What does the ovum acquire from the uterine wall after fertilisation?

Answer 80

Nutrients for growth.

Question 81

What is the vagina?

Answer 81

Terminal portion of the female reproductive tract -continuous with the uterine cavity -opens into the vestibule between the labia minor

Question 82

What does the vagina act as an excretory duct for?

Answer 82

Menstrual flow

Question 83

What part of the female reproductive system does the vagina form during childbirth?

Answer 83

Part of the birth canal.

Question 84

The vagina opens into the vestibule between which structures?

Answer 84

Labia minor.

Question 85

Fill in the blank: The vagina is continuous with the uterine cavity at the _______.

Answer 85

External os.

Question 86

What muscles form the pelvic floor?

Answer 86

-Levator ani and Coccygeus -which stretch from the pubic bone to the coccyx.

Question 87

What is the primary function of the pelvic floor?

Answer 87

Supports the internal abdominal and pelvic organs.

Question 88

What does the pelvic floor control?

Answer 88

The muscles that close the urethra.

Question 89

Answer 89