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IB Biology HL > Cardiac System & Circulation > Flashcards

Cardiac System & Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

4 components of blood

A

plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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2
Q

aneurysm

A

a bulge that weakens the wall of the artery and could lead to rupture

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3
Q

arteries are high/low pressure blood carriers

A

high pressure carriers

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4
Q

arteries carry blood to/from the heart

A

from the heart

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5
Q

arteries have narrow/wide lumens

A

narrow lumens, to keep pressure high. has thicker walls in order for this to occur

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6
Q

atheromas

A

fatty deposits that develop and narrow the size of the lumen, and reduce elasticity of artery wall

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7
Q

atherosclerosis

A

the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to a buildup of plaque

damage to artery walls created by high blood pressure causes chronic inflammation, leading to accumulation of debris like lipids and cholesterol

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8
Q

atrioventricular node (AVN)

A

node that delays signal from the SAN to allow atria to contract before the ventricles and ensure they are at 70% capacity

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9
Q

autonomic control

A

means that there is no voluntary control over the heart by the brain, it only happens automatically

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10
Q

bachman’s bundle

A

group of nerves that bring the signal from the SAN to the left atrium from the right atrium

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11
Q

blood pathway through the heart

A
  1. Superior vena cava
  2. right atrium
  3. right ventricle
  4. pulmonary artery
  5. lungs
  6. pulmonary vein
  7. left atrium
  8. left ventricle
  9. aorta
  10. rest of body
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12
Q

bundles of his (or AV bundle)

A

nerves found in the septum, splits the signal to go to both ventricles

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13
Q

capilliaries

A

involved with material and oxygen transport, are very small and thin, walls are a single layer to help with diffusion

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14
Q

coronary arteries

A

network of arteries surrounding the heart that provide the heart muscle with nutrients and oxygen

when blocked, heart attack occurs as the heart muscle dies

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15
Q

coronary thrombosis

A

the buildup of atheromas, resulting in a clot/blockage in the coronary arteries, leading to acute myocardial infarction (heart attack)

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16
Q

diastole

A

relaxation of the heart

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17
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells, responsible for transferring O2

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18
Q

features of cardiac muscle

A

mononucleated, myogenic, involuntary control, y-shaped cells, shorter and wider

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19
Q

fibrillation

A

erratic and irregular heartbeat

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20
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

stroke caused by the rupture of blood vessels, caused by high BP, blood thinners, anneurisms, trauma, and protein deposits

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21
Q

how does diastole occur?

A

once blood flows into the arteries from the systole, pressure in ventricles drop, closing the semilunar valves and making the “dub” sound

when pressure in ventricle drops below atrial pressure, AV valves open again and cycle repeats

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22
Q

how does systole occur?

A

blood moves freely from atria to the ventricles, then, when the ventricles reach 70% capacity, the SAN fires, contracting the atria. contraction of the atria causes the blood to be forced into the ventricles, maxing out their capacity.

after delay from the AVN, the ventricles are told to fire, and increased pressure causes closing of AV value, and opening of semilunar valves and blood moves into arteries, decreasing pressure in the ventricles

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23
Q

how is the first “lub” heart sound created?

A

when the ventricles contract, the increased pressure in the ventricles closes the AV valve, making the “lub” sound

24
Q

intercolated disks

A

special junctions between cardiac cells that allow for fast electric transmission (action potential) and nutrient exchange (allows all heart cells to beat TOGETHER)

25
Q

ischemic stroke

A

most common type of stroke, comes from blockage of an artery by either atherosclerosis or a clot

26
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells, responsible for immune response

27
Q

main differences between veins and arteries

A

arteries have thick walls, veins have thin walls to keep pressure low
veins have valves to prevent blood pooling

28
Q

medulla oblongata

A

part of the brain stem that controls heartbeat, can make it faster or slower

29
Q

myogenic

A

describes heart muscle, says that all electrical signals that control the heart muscle originate in the heart muscle themselves from the sinoatrial node (SAN), the pacemaker

30
Q

p-wave in ECG

A

depolarization of the atria

31
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

system that slows down + relaxes heart beat, releases acetylcholine

32
Q

plasma

A

fluid medium in blood, greatest portion of the blood

33
Q

platelets

A

responsible for blood clotting

34
Q

PQ segment of ECG

A

delay in signal from SAN to AVN

35
Q

process of blood clotting

A
  1. cut
  2. platelets become sticky + form platelet plug
  3. platelets release clotting factors
  4. clotting factors trigger thrombino kinase, which changes prothrombin to thrombin
  5. thrombin activates fibrinogen, turning it into fibrin
  6. fibrin is insoluble, and forms a mesh w/ platelet plug to create a blood clot
36
Q

purkinje fibers

A

found in bottom of septum, responsible for transferring the signal into contraction evenly through the ventricle

37
Q

QRS wave in ECG

A

depolarization of ventricles

38
Q

risk factors for heart disease

A

EGG SODA
E- exercise
G- genetics (family history of hypertension or hypercholestemia)
G- gender (men more likely, the lower estrogen levels, the higher the risk)

S- smoking (nicotine raises BP and vasoconstriction)
O- obesity
D- diet (saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, alcohol)
A- age (old age stiffens blood vessels)

39
Q

risk factors for strokes

A

RASH
R- race (african americans more likely)
A- age (55+)
S- sex (men have higher overall risk, women more likely after menopause)
H- hormones (birth control or estrogen in general)

40
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

muscle version of smooth ER, stores lots of calcium to allow for action potential

41
Q

sinoatrial node (SAN)

A

the pacemaker of the heart, found by the right atrium, triggers depolarization/action potential of heart muscle

42
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

system that speeds up heart rate in stressful fight/flight situations, releases noradrenaline

43
Q

systole

A

contraction of the heart

44
Q

t-wave in ECG

A

repolarization of ventricles

45
Q

thrombosis

A

the weakening of arteriole walls, leading to bulding and anneurisms

46
Q

tunica extrema

A

outer layer of artery

made of collagen to prevent artery rupture

47
Q

tunica intima

A

inner layer of artery

contains endothelial cells to reduce friction with blood cells

48
Q

tunica media

A

middle layer of artery

made of muscle + elastin, to help maintain pulse/blood flow

49
Q

veins are high/low pressure blood carriers

A

low pressure blood

50
Q

veins carry blood to/from heart

A

to the heart

51
Q

veins have a narrow/wide lumen

A

wide lumen, to keep pressure low

52
Q

what does blood carry? UH, NACHOs

A

U- urea
H- heat

N- nutrients (eg. glucose)
A- antibodies
C- CO2
H- hormones
O- oxygen

53
Q

what is the concentration of Na+ and K+ in the muscle cell and surrounding before action potential?

A

higher concentration of Na+ on the outside, and higher concentration of K+ on the inside

54
Q

when does the SAN fire?

A

when the ventricle is about 70% full

55
Q

why is hypertension dangerous?

A

chronic hypertension can lead to vessles bursting and the formation of anneurisms

IB Biology HL (12 decks)

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