Cell Control

Question 1

Reasons for cell division

Answer 1

1. Growth
2. Repair
3. Development (eg. zygote)

Question 2

Asexual Reproduction

Answer 2

type of reproduction where exact genetic clones are created of the parent and all variations are due only to mutation. usually done by bacteria

Question 3

Sexual Preproduction

Answer 3

type of reproduction where gametes are fused, each with 1 set of chromosomes to form a 2n cell. has lots of genetic variation

Question 4

Somatic Cells

Answer 4

body cells that do not do reproduction

Question 5

Homologous pairs

Answer 5

pairs of chromosomes that code for the same characteristic (not necessarily the same trait) and have the same size, banding pattern, and centromere location

Question 6

Histone

Answer 6

proteins that act as a base for DNA to wrap around

Question 7

Nucleosome

Answer 7

a section of DNA that is wrapped around the histones

Question 8

Chromatin

Answer 8

uncoiled nucleosomes

Question 9

Ori complex

Answer 9

where DNA replication starts in prokaryotes and where the replication complex begins

Question 10

Ter complex

Answer 10

where DNA replication ends in prokaryotes

Question 11

Cytokinesis

Answer 11

the separation of the cytoplasm by the contractile ring that pulls the membrane together and pinches it off

Question 12

Order of Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

Answer 12

1. G1
2. S
3. G2
4. Prophase
5. Metaphase
6. Anaphase
7. Telophase
8. Cytokinesis

Question 13

M-phase

Answer 13

phase where mitosis occurs, and the segregation of the nuclei and the cytoplasm happens

Question 14

Interphase

Answer 14

phase where the nucleus is visible and the cell goes about normal functions

Question 15

Centrosomes

Answer 15

responsible for building the mitotic spindle and pulls the DNA towards it

Question 16

Prophase

Answer 16

first phase of mitosis, where chromatin condenses, mitotic spindles are forming, the nuclear envelope breaks down

Question 17

Metaphase

Answer 17

second phase of mitosis, where chromatids line up along equatorial plate and spindles jostle them into place

Question 18

Anaphase

Answer 18

third phase of mitosis, where the sister chromatids are pulled apart

Question 19

Telophase

Answer 19

fourth phase of mitosis where nuclear envelope begins to reform and chromatids become chromatin

Question 20

G1

Answer 20

first phase of interphase where the cell grows to prepare for replication

Question 21

S

Answer 21

second phase of interphase where DNA is being replicated

Question 22

G2

Answer 22

third phase of interphase where the cell prepares for mitosis and synthesizes microtubules and DNA is wound around histones

Question 23

Kinetochore

Answer 23

area of proteins where microtubules attach to sister chromatids in mitosis

Question 24

Necrosis

Answer 24

cell death due to lack of oxygen or nutrients

Question 25

Apoptosis

Answer 25

programmed cell death, usually triggered when a harmful mutation is noticed or if it is infected by a virus

Question 26

Process of Apoptosis

Answer 26

1. Cell detaches from other cells
2. DNA is cut into fragments
3. Membranous lobes (blebs) pull apart and break into fragments
4. Surrounding living cells ingest parts of old cell through phagocytosis

Question 27

R (restriction point)

Answer 27

transition in between the G1 and S phase, that is regulated through allosteric regulation

Question 28

Kinase

Answer 28

an enzyme that phosphorylates something