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IB Biology HL > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Myometrium

A

muscular layer of uterus, responsible for contractions

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2
Q

Endometrium

A

inner lining of where the placenta attaches and that sheds every month

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3
Q

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)- Oogenesis

A

hormone that triggers the development of the follicle, thickening of the follicle wall, and the secretion of follicular fluid. involved in the first part of the menstrual cycle

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4
Q

Estrogen- oogenesis

A

hormone that is released by the follicular wall that turns off the secretion of FSH, which signals to hypothalamus to release LH.

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5
Q

LH (leutinizing hormone)- oogenesis

A

hormone that stimulates the completion of meiosis 1 in the oocyte and causes ovulation and helps grow the corpus luteum

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6
Q

Effects of Estrogen- oogenesis

A
  1. Thickening of endometrium
  2. Growth of blood vessels in endometrium
  3. Increase in FSH receptors in follicle
  4. Inhibition of FSH secretion and stimulation of LH
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7
Q

Progesterone- oogenesis

A

hormone secreted by corpus luteum that maintains the endometrium and its blood vessels, and inhibits production of FSH and LH

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8
Q

GnRH (gonadotropic releasing hormone)

A

hormone that is released by the hypothalamus to trigger gametogenesis

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9
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

transformed version of the follicle that releases progesterone

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10
Q

Seminal vesicle

A

part of male reproductive system that creates prostaglandins and adds fructose to semen

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11
Q

Prostoglandins

A

chemicals that allow for small uterine contractions to help move sperm through the uterus

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12
Q

Prostate gland

A

part of the male reproductive system that releases alkaline fluid to protect sperm in acidic vaginal environment

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13
Q

Acrosome

A

part of sperm that helps it during process of fertilization to break through the membranes

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14
Q

Sertoli cells

A

cells in male reproductive system that release nutrients which help primary spermatocytes go through meiosis 1

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15
Q

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)- spermatogenesis

A

hormone responsible for stimulating sertoli cells to release the nutrients needed to change primary spermatocytes into secondary spermatocytes

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16
Q

Where is all of the mitochondria in a sperm?

A

in the midpiece

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17
Q

Spermatogonia

A

2n germ cells that undergo mitosis to create infinite spermatocytes

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18
Q

Leydig cell

A

cells in the male reproductive system that makes testosterone and signals for the sperm to finish meiosis II

19
Q

LH (leutinizing hormone)- spermatogenesis

A

hormone that is released after creation of secondary spermatocytes that triggers leydig cells to secrete testosterone and continue maturation of the sperm

20
Q

Epididymis

A

part of the male reproductive system where sperm mature and learn to swim, also where the sperm is concentrated and testicular fluids are removed

21
Q

Steps of IVF

A
  1. Stop menstrual cycle using progesterone
  2. Hormone treatments to cause multiple follicles to develop (aka lots of FSH and hCG)
  3. Extract multiple eggs from the ovaries
  4. Sperm selected then injected into egg
  5. Fertilization occurs, and cell begins to divide
  6. Implantation of multiple embryos into uterus
  7. Test for pregnancy to see if implant was successful
22
Q

What is the success rate of IVF?

A

15%

23
Q

Ethical Pros for IVF

A
  1. Infertile couples can have children
  2. Genetic screening helps decrease suffering from genetic disease
  3. Spare embryos can be used for future pregnancies or for research
24
Q

Ethical cons for IVF

A
  1. expensive and not equally accessible
  2. low success rate (15%)
  3. could lead to eugenics
  4. could lead to unwanted twins or triplets
  5. storage and disposal of unused embryos is tricky morally
  6. cultural and religious objections to lab grown embryos
  7. inherited forms of infertility may still be passed on to children
25
Q

Functions of Testosterone

A
  1. Causes pre-natal development of male genitalia
  2. Causes development of secondary-sex characteristics
  3. Maintains sex drive
  4. Builds muscle in males
26
Q

Greenhouse Gas Effect

A

where a combination of Co2 and H2O traps some of the radiation from the sun on the Earth’s surface instead of letting it bounce off, heating up the earth

27
Q

Short-wavelength light

A

ultraviolet (UV) light, responsible for burning skin

28
Q

Long-wavelength light

A

infrared (IR) light, radiation released by the Earth to get rid of excess energy from UV light

29
Q

Chemotaxis

A

effect when chemicals secreted by the uterus helps excite sperm to move faster through the fallopian tube

30
Q

Corona Radiata

A

the outer covering of the egg that a sperm must pass through in fertilization

31
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

layer below the corona radiata that must be penetrated by sperm for fertilization, and will harden once a sperm fuses with the egg and fertilizes it

32
Q

Zygote

A

freshly fertilized egg cell, still only contains one cell

33
Q

Morula

A

clump of 16 cells that arises after a zygote begins to differentiate

34
Q

Blastocyst

A

final stage of zygotic growth until implantation, consists of many different stem cells

35
Q

Trophoblast

A

outer layer of a blastocyst that develops into a placenta after implantation

36
Q

Blastoceal

A

inner fluid of a blastocyst

37
Q

Chorionic Villi

A

finger-like structures on the placenta that helps diffuse molecules from mother’s blood to baby’s blood

38
Q

Lacunae

A

open-ended arteriole where mother’s blood is released into so that molecules can pass from the mother to the baby through the placenta

39
Q

Maternal blood transfers ___ to the fetus

A

oxygen, monomers, water, vitamins, antibodies, hormones, minerals, etc.

40
Q

Fetal blood transfers ___ to the mother

A

carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, and water

41
Q

Function of amniotic sac/amniotic fluid

A
  1. Absorbs pressure to protect child from impacts to uterine wall due to its property of incompressibility
  2. Creates buyoncy so fetus doesn’t have to support its own body weight
  3. Prevents dehydration of tissues and provides barrier against infection
42
Q

Partrition

A

childbirth

43
Q

Process of Fertilization

A
  1. Cervix is open during ovulation, allowing sperm to swim through it into the uterus
  2. Small uterine contractions caused by prostaglandins help move sperm through uterus
  3. Cillia push egg towards uterus in the fallopian tubes
  4. Chemotaxis occurs, pushing sperm to swim harder
  5. Sperm makes it through the corona radiata and releases digestive enzymes through is acrosome to burrow into the zona pellucida
  6. Zona pellucida hardens and it becomes a zygote
  7. Zygote cleaves until it becomes a blastocyst
  8. Blastocyst implants itself into the endometrium
  9. Blastocyst begins producing hCG to maintain corpus luteum post-ovulation to keep progesterone levels high
  10. Placenta forms, and it continues to produce progesterone to keep uterine lining intact

IB Biology HL (12 decks)

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