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IB Biology HL > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Alimentary canal

A

all the tubing and organs through which food passes (ex. stomach, esophagus, small/large intestine, etc)

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2
Q

Accessory Organs

A

organs that assist in digestion but don’t actually contain food (ex. liver, pancreas, salivary glands, etc)

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3
Q

Function of Salivary Glands

A

glands that release amylase, which cuts amylopectin and amylose into maltose to begin digestion

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4
Q

Pepsinogen

A

inactive form of enzyme pepsin

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5
Q

Pepsin

A

enzyme responsible for breaking down proteins in the stomach

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6
Q

pH of the stomach

A

2

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7
Q

Peristalsis

A

muscle contraction, how food moves down the esophagus and the intestines

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8
Q

Epiglottis

A

piece of tissue that moves down in the mouth to cover the trachea and prevent food from going down into airways instead of stomach

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9
Q

Mastication

A

chewing, done by the mouth to start mechanical digestion

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10
Q

Chief cells

A

stomach cells that release pepsinogen

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11
Q

Parietal cell

A

stomach cell that releases HCl to activate pepsinogen into pepsin

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12
Q

Function of small intestine

A

part of digestive tract responsible for most food absorption, digests proteins, carbs, and lipids into a monomer size

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13
Q

Amylase

A

enzyme that breaks down carbs, functions best at 7 pH

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14
Q

Proteases

A

classification of enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller chunks of amino acids, works better in acidic environments

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15
Q

Lipase

A

enzyme secreted by pancreas, works on lipids and turns them into fatty acids. works best in pH of 8

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16
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

nerve responsible for carrying impulses from the parasympathetic NS to the stomach

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17
Q

Gastrin

A

hormone that regulates stomach secretion

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18
Q

Gastric pits

A

tunnels in the epithelial lining of the stomach that secrete mucus, enzymes, and HCl

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19
Q

How does the pancreas help regulate acidity in the small intestine?

A

it secretes HCO3- that can take in an H+ ion, and therefore increase pH and make it more basic and neutralize the acidity

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20
Q

Gallbladder

A

organ that releases bile that emulsifies fat (breaks down fat). main storage for bile

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21
Q

Pancreas

A

organ that releases buffers, enzymes, hormones, etc into the small intestine to help with digestion

22
Q

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

A

pits in the small intestine that secrete intestinal juices to help with digestion

23
Q

Villi

A

tiny folds in the gut epithelium that are lined with enterocytes

24
Q

Microvilli

A

smaller folds contained on the villi that absorb the monomer end products and transport them into the bloodstream

25
Q

Methods of nutrient transport in the small intestine

A
  1. Simple diffusion (lipids)
  2. Facilitated diffusion (glucose or Na+)
  3. Active transport
  4. Pinocytosis (cell drinking)
26
Q

Tissue Layers of the Small Intestine

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Circular Muscle
  4. Longitudinal muscle
  5. Serosa
27
Q

Features of Small Intestine

A

M- microvilli
R- rich blood supply

S- single layer epithelium
L- lacteals
I- intestinal glands
M- membrane proteins

28
Q

Lacteal

A

a lymphatic capilary, takes in lipids and leads them to the lymphatic vessels (all other molecules go through blood stream)

29
Q

Types of Transport in Microvilli

A
  1. Active co-transport: glucose, amino acids
  2. Facilitated diffusion: other sugars
  3. Simple diffusion: fatty acids
30
Q

Process of Digestion

A
  1. Ingestion (eating)
  2. Digestion (food broken down mechanically and chemically)
  3. Absorption (food products absorbed into bloodstream)
  4. Assimilation (food products converted into parts of cells, food products used)
  5. Elimination (releasing of undigested food)
31
Q

Large intestine

A

organ that absorbs large amounts of water and dissolved minerals from indigestible food residue, converts food residue from liquid to solid

32
Q

Function of Large Intestine

A
  1. Reabsorption of H20 and mineral ions like Na+ and Cl-
  2. Formation and temporary feces storage
  3. Contains 500 species of bacteria
  4. Bacterial fermentation
33
Q

Materials that are not reabsorbed in the large intestine

A

B- bile pigments
E- epithelial cells of intestine lining
L- lignin
C- cellulose
H- human flora/bacteria

34
Q

Zymogens

A

inactive forms of all protease enzymes to prevent them from hydrolyzing peptide bonds in cells

35
Q

Somatostatin

A

hormone that works on parietal cells and inhibits HCl release

36
Q

Gastrin

A

hormone that stimulates HCl secretion

37
Q

Distension

A

process of food entering stomach and triggering stretch receptors, which then signal for hormone release

38
Q

Antiport Pump

A

type of cellular pump where ions move in opposite directions across the membranes (ex. proton pumps in the stomach)

39
Q

H+/K+ ATPase Proton Pump

A

proton pump in the stomach that moves H+ out and K+ in, and helps create a low pH level

40
Q

Proton Pump Inhibitors

A

drugs (like antacids) that raise the pH of the stomach by blocking the function of proton pumps

41
Q

Duodenum

A

first section of the small intestine, does chemical digestion and moderate amount of nutrient absorption

42
Q

Jejunum & Ileum

A

second parts of small intestine, finish chemical digestion and does more nutrient absorption (ileum is the part that feeds into the large intestine)

43
Q

Similarities of Digestive Juices

A
  1. Water
  2. Salt
  3. Mucus
44
Q

Acinar cells

A

pancreatic cells that release gastric juices/enzymes and contain a lot of rough ER and Golgi to be able to export enzymes. also lined by single-layer secretory cells that release exocrine products into the lumen (ex. B-islet cells)

45
Q

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)

A

pill shaped-bacteria with flagella that is responsible for ulcers because they burry into epithelial cells to avoid acidic environment

46
Q

Urease

A

enzyme released by H. pylori that neutralizes gastric acid and creates basic bubble around it

47
Q

Mucinase

A

protease enzyme released by H. pylori that helps it degrade the mucosal lining of the stomach wall

48
Q

Process of Stomach Ulcer Formation

A
  1. H. pylori secretes urease to neutralize gastric juices and mucinase to degrade mucosal lining of stomach to avoid acidity
  2. Body detects that areas of the stomach are alkaline, so HCl production is increased
  3. Increase in acidity causes H. pylori to dig further to avoid the increased acidity
  4. Degredation of the mucosal lining by H. pylori allows for increased gastric acids to cause damage to muscle layer of stomach
49
Q

Ulcer

A

inflammed and damaged area of the stomach wall

50
Q
A

IB Biology HL (12 decks)

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