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Jason's Cardiovascular Block > Cardio Histology/Atherosclerosis/Heart Pathology > Flashcards

Cardio Histology/Atherosclerosis/Heart Pathology Flashcards

(99 cards)

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1
Q

3 layers of the heart and types of cells:

A
  1. epicardium (simple squamous, vessels, fat, nerves)
  2. myocardium
  3. endocardium (endothelial, CT, conducting tissue)
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2
Q

Cardiac muscle cells describe

A
  1. small cells
  2. central nucleus
  3. branching fibers
  4. intercalated discs
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3
Q

What are located the spaces between branching cardiac muscles?

A

capillaries

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4
Q

intercalated disc uses intermediate filaments in their fascia adherens?

A

false. actin filaments are used

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5
Q

What are the Z-discs in cardiac muscles made of?

A

Gotcha! No Z-discs, replaced by intercalated discs

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6
Q

are there desmosomes in cardiac muscle?

A

yes, attached with intermediate filaments

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7
Q

Why are Gap junctions in cardiac muscles not sufficient to propagate a proper contraction?

A

only useful at short ranges.

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8
Q

T/F? the heart beat is set by the slowest beating cells? and where?

A

False. set by the fastest beating cells. SA/AV node.

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9
Q

What are Purkinje fibres full of?

A

glycogen

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10
Q

Purkinje fibres have lots of myofibrils?

A

Not much bro.

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11
Q

3 layers of blood vessels are:

A
  1. Intima
  2. media
  3. adventitia
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12
Q

Intima has 3 layers too, they are:

A
  1. endothelium
  2. on the basal lamina
  3. supported by CT
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13
Q

T/F, endothelial cells are elongated circumferentially in the vessels?

A

False. elongated in the direction of flow

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14
Q

Endothelium does 3 things:

A
  1. inhibit clotting
  2. store Von Willebrand’s factor for rainy days
  3. secrete endothelin or NO depending on it’s mood.
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15
Q

vessel Media is made of? how is it arranged?

A

smooth muscle arranged concentrically

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16
Q

what happens to blood pressure if you increase the lumen?

A

BP goes down

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17
Q

Usually only have 1 layer of smooth muscle in the media?

A

Nope, can vary from 1-50 layers yo!

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18
Q

What type of collagen is in the vessel media? secreted from what?

A

type III, and made by the smooth muscle itself

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19
Q

How do smooth muscles acquire elastin and ground substance?

A

it secretes them themselves

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20
Q

What kind of collagen/CT is in the adventitia of vessles?

A

Type I, elastin, ground substance

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21
Q

Adventitia secretes it’s own matrix?

A

Nope. Embedded fibroblasts do.

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22
Q

What are the blood vessels of the blood vessels called?

A

vasa vasorum

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23
Q

Where are elastic arteries found?

A

generally near the heart

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24
Q

Why isn’t diastole zero?

A

The elastic recoil from the large arteries passively generates continuous flow at a lower and albeit pulsatile pressure

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25
any elastin in muscular arteries?
yes but not much.
26
Why have muscular arteries
to distribute and regular blood flow
27
size of arterioles:
less than 0.1 mm diameter
28
how many layers of smooth muscle do arterioles have?
1-3 layers
29
muscular arteries or arterioles contribute most to blood pressure?
arterioles!
30
what's the intermediate vessel between arteriole and capillary?
meta arteriole with single smooth muscle cell acting as a sphincter
31
Average diameter of a capillary is 7.2 microns?
Nope smaller than RBC to facilitate exchange
32
Cells in the body are cool with being 100microns away from a capillary.
Most are within 50 microns
33
What are capillaries made of anyways?
single rolled endothelial cell into a tube sealed with a tight junction.
34
Do capillaries have a basal lamina?
Of course dummy!!
35
do capillaries have media?
sometimes, called pericytes
36
do capillaries have adventitia?
yes. a wee splash of collagen fibres
37
Veins have thinner whats and thicker what?
thinner medias | thicker adventitia
38
2 ways to move blood in tubes with low pressure?
1. one way valves | 2. muscle pumps
39
where do leukocytes prefer to diapedese?
venules
40
venules are affected by histamine and cytokines?
yes
41
venules have pericytes? or smooth muscle?
Both. Initially pericytes, soon smooth muscle
42
in big-ass veins what additional structure is present to help stiffen the adventitia?
longitudinal smooth muscle bundles
43
Leaky lymphatics collect excess fluid from the arteriole side?
Nope. venous side bro. venous side.
44
what do lymph vessels lack in structure?
no tight junction
45
do lymph vessels have valves?
yes
46
looking at two tubes in the microscope, what do you look for/absence of to distinguish a lymphocyte?
No RBCs present, perhaps a few WBCs
47
What's the difference between ischaemia and hypoxia?
ischaemia: lack of blood to a tissue hypoxia: lack of oxygen in tissues
48
What is hypoxemia?
decrease O2 in the blood
49
Define Embolus and Thrombus
Thrombus: blood clot in vessel Embolus: blood clot, solid, liquid, gas free floating in the vessels messing up your shit
50
What happens to the intima after chronic inflammation prior to plaque formation?
can't produce NO and prostacyclin, roughened surface, may become thrombotic
51
What is a foam cell?
macrophages that ate too much McDonald's, they break down and contribute to plaque
52
Which bad one enters the intima? LDL, HDL?
LDL
53
Do you get stenosis in the initial stages of atherosclerosis?
Nope. Remodelling to accommodate but only so much
54
Name 3 non-modifiable risk factors for Atherosclerosis.
Age Gender Genetic
55
Name 6 modifiable risk factors for Atherosclerosis
``` Hypertension Diabetes Smoking obesity physical inactivity proteinuria ```
56
Why is HDL called the 'good' lipoprotein?
It prevent LDL oxidation and removes cholesterol from circulation
57
The larger and less dense the LDL, the more atherogenic it is. T/F?
False. More dense LDL = more atherogenic
58
What's metabolic syndrome anyway? 5 key points.
``` central obesity raised triglycerides reduced HDL increased BP increase plasma glucose ```
59
Adipose is just docile annoying extra cushioning.
Nope. it's active and releases shit that INTERFERES with insulin signalling and BP regulation.
60
3 complications due to atherosclerosis
1. ischaemia 2. infarction aneurysm
61
Which thrombus plaques are most susceptible to rupture?
thin firbrous caps yo.
62
One side of the artery is bulging, what's that called?
saccular aneurysm
63
No ballooning but has a tear in the intima, what kind of aneurysm?
dissection
64
what is fusiform aneurysm?
both sides bulging
65
what is a saccular aneurysm?
one side bulging
66
both sides of the artery is bulging, what's that called?
fusiform aneurysm
67
what's a false aneurysm?
hematoma in the extravascular CT
68
What's a berry aneurysm?
saccular, one sided bulge
69
can an infection cause an aneurysm?
Yes, a mycotic aneurysm can.
70
What's so bad about an Aortic dissection?
can cause heart attack or stroke from pressure build up on the outside of the aorta
71
What syndrome could put you at risk of aortic dissections?
Marfan's syndrome: defect in elastin and fibrin
72
What is hyaline arteriolosclerosis?
from endothelial stress, try to reinforce with plasma proteins and collage on walls of vessels
73
Decrease flow of blood is called?
Ischaemia
74
Can infarction be chronic?
Nope. Acute only.
75
What layer of heart is most susceptible to ischaemia?
Subendocardial
76
Intermittent claudication occurs in arteries? or veins?
Arteries
77
Hypoxia is?
low O2 in environment
78
Hypoxemia is?
low blood oxygen
79
When do you get acute ischaemia?
upon exertion
80
Define infarction
area of necrosis caused by acute ischaemia
81
infarcts could be two colours
pale | red
82
histologically how does infarction look?
coagulative | Brain = liquifactive
83
How long do these last occluded? 1. neurons/glials 2. cardiac 3. skeletal?
1. minutes/hours 2. 10-20 minutes 3. hours
84
If there is only one artery to an area what is that called?
End artery
85
What is a response to previous chronic ischaemia?
increase collateral vasculature
86
3 places where blockage of end artery most likely:
Spleen Kidney Heart
87
What shape are end artery infarcts usually?
Wedge shaped
88
3 reasons why you normally get Haemorrhagic infarcts?
1. dual circulation 2. reperfusion of necrotic tissue 3. venous occlusion
89
do you see anything histologically in infarcted tissue between 6-12 hours? Then what happens?
Nope. Then becomes hypereosinophillic
90
What is karyolysis?
fading of nuclei
91
what's the tell tale sign you're looking at acute infarction?
Inflammation | neutrophils
92
What do you see in sub-acutre infarction?
fibroblasts, granulation tissue
93
What is a risk of high estrogen levels
hypercoagulability
94
2 things that make venous thrombosis especially bad:
stasis + hypercoagulability = bad times
95
When do you get lines of Zhan?
thrombi in aneurysms
96
Colour of arterial thrombi?
pale
97
deep red thrombi are found where?
venous system
98
Fate of thrombus: 4 things:
embolism fibrinolysis organisation persistence
99
secondary gangrene explain: 1. dry 2. wet
1. toes, foot leg/mummification, cause not much saprophytic organisms 2. acute appendicitis/cholecystitis, infarction of small bowel

Jason's Cardiovascular Block (15 decks)

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