Cellular Adaptation and Misc.

Question 1

2 examples of irreversible cell injury

Answer 1

necrosis

apoptosis

Question 2

what’s in increase in cell size called?

Answer 2

hypertrophy

Question 3

Is hypertrophy pathological?

Answer 3

Could be both path and phys

Question 4

Is hypertrophy reversible?

Answer 4

yes

Question 5

Why would you get hypertrophy? 2 reasons

Answer 5

functional demands

hormonal/growth stim

Question 6

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 6

increase in number of cells.

Question 7

Is hyperplasia reversible?

Answer 7

yes

Question 8

is hyperplasia physiological?

Answer 8

Can also be pathological

Question 9

e.g. of hyperplasia? 2 things:

Answer 9

endometrium during reproductive cycle

breast tissue during lactation

Question 10

In Grave’s disease you get to cellular processes together. They are?

Answer 10

hyperplasia

hypertrophy

Question 11

Can permanent cells undergo hyperplasia?

Answer 11

Nope. Can’t divide.

Question 12

Can labile and stable cells undergo hyperplasia?

Answer 12

Yes. Can divide.

Question 13

What happens with reduction in cellular metabolism and decreased activity?

Answer 13

atrophy

Question 14

What happens to excess cellular components in atrophy?

Answer 14

removed via autophagy

Question 15

Is atrophy reversible?

Answer 15

If there is no cell death/fibrosis, then yes.

Question 16

What is involution?

Answer 16

physiological apoptosis

Question 17

2 examples of involution:

Answer 17

uterus post partum

thymus

Question 18

2 examples of Metaplasia?

Answer 18

bone in Connective tissue

columnar to squamous cells in lungs

Question 19

When do you get Metaplasia?

Answer 19

long standing environmental changes

Question 20

Is Metaplasia physiological?

Answer 20

could be both path and phys

Question 21

What factors drive an adult cell to change back to somatic stem cell for reprogramming?

Answer 21

cytokines, growth factor

Question 22

What is cervical metaplasia?

Answer 22

simple columnar –>stratified squamous around external cervical os

Question 23

what happens in smokers’ lungs with their pseudo stratified columnar epithelium cells? so what?

Answer 23

could become squamous and risk of neoplasia

Question 24

What is a hallmark cellular process of neoplasia?

Answer 24

unregulated and autonomous cell proliferation

Question 25

Why would hyperplasia confer an increased risk of malignancy?

Answer 25

so much replication, increase risk of mutations increased

Question 26

T/F aortic valve normally has 3 cusps?

Answer 26

TRUE!

Question 27

what is the prevalence of congenital bicuspid aortic valve?

Answer 27

1%

Question 28

What is a Myxomatous mitral valve?

Answer 28

benign tumour growth on mitral valve...

Question 29

what's the commonest western country valve pathology?

Answer 29

calcific stenosis of aortic valve

Question 30

2 types of inflammatory valve disease

Answer 30

``` infection (endocarditis) immune mediated (Rheumatic fever) ```

Question 31

is valve disease always symptomatic?

Answer 31

No.

Question 32

Mitral valve disease leads to what? and how?

Answer 32

Atrial fibrillation due to atrial remodelling and those can cause electrical variations