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Jason's Cardiovascular Block > Ventricular Hypertrophy then Cardiac Failure > Flashcards

Ventricular Hypertrophy then Cardiac Failure Flashcards

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1
Q

how long does embryonic heart hyperplasia last for?

A

only first few months of life

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2
Q

How do you control heart hypertrophy in childhood?

A

Growth Hormone
IGF
Thyroxine

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3
Q

Mean ventricular mass?

A

159g

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4
Q

Heart size depends on 5 things

A 
body size
genetics
atheletics
blood pressure
angiotensin II, catecholamines
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5
Q

When is ventricular hypertrophy considered hypertrophy?

A

When the ventricle mass increases RELATIVE to body size

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6
Q

What is ventricular remodelling?

A

increase wall thickness without increase in mass

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7
Q

Reasons for cardiac remodelling?

A

infarct
damage
volume overload
pressure overload

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8
Q

Does eccentric hypertrophy’s wall thickness change?

A

Nope. just the mass

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9
Q

LV mass increases in Concentric, eccentric hypertrophy and remodelling?

A

Nope. Not in remodelling

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10
Q

How does the heart remodel due to pressure overload?

A

concentric hypertrophy

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11
Q

How does the heart remodel due to volume overload?

A

eccentric hypertrophy

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12
Q

How are cardiac sarcomeres placed in concentric vs. eccentric hypertrophy?

A

concentric: parallel
eccentric: in series

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13
Q

T/F? Hypertrophy has more mitochondrion, more myfibrils, more myocardial cells, increased fibroendothelial cells, more matrix and more sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

FALSE BITCH! Myocardial cell numbers DO NOT increase, only the SIZE increases.

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14
Q

What law dictates that a thicker wall reduces wall stress?

A

Laplace’s Law

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15
Q

Why is cardiac hypertrophy kinda paradoxical?

A

Animals with no hypertrophy actually respond better to pressure loads. Go Figure.

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16
Q

What happens prior to cardiac failure in a hypertrophied heart?

A

Decompensation from long term-ness

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17
Q

What’s Fabry’s Disease

A

Genetic cause of left ventricular hypertrophy

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18
Q

How would infiltration be a cause of left ventricular hypertrophy

A

Sneaky proteins cause amyloidosis and ninja your ass

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19
Q

Two signs of left ventricular hypertrophy on ECG?

A

inverted T-wave

Tall voltages

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20
Q

what could cause diastolic dysfunction?

A

left ventricular hypertrophy

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21
Q

Out of the three left ventricular hypertrophies: what’s the worst one for mortality post MI?

A

Concentric

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22
Q

Thick muscle is……

A

Stiff Muscle.

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23
Q

When does the ‘Atrial Kick’ more important?

Study These Flashcards
A

In diastolic dysfunction

24
Q

What do you lessen if you treat someone with ACE inhibitors/beta adrenergic blocking post MI?

Study These Flashcards
A

Ventricular dilation post-MI remodelling

25
3 causes of Right Ventricular Hypertrophy?
1. congenital 2. pulmonary artery hypertension 3. Right heart valves
26
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Autosomal dominant, sarcomere protein mutation
27
What is especially thick in Left Ventricular Hypertrophy?
Septum
28
There is only a few presentations of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy T/F?
False. LOTS of Variability.
29
What is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in athletes?
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
30
We know the cause of Dilated Cardiomyopathy.
Nah. it's idiopathic.
31
Athlete's Heart's wall thickness is greater or less than 14mm?
Less than 14mm wall thickness
32
what kind of hypertrophy do you find in athlete's heart?
eccentric
33
What's your cardiac output per minute?
5L/min
34
Starling's Law
if you increase preload + cardiac contraction you get increased SV and CO
35
How is Starling's Law regulated?
it's intrinsic, purely by the muscle stretch
36
What does JVP measure?
right ventricular/atrial EDP
37
How to measure left atrial pressure through the right ride of the heart?
Pulmonary wedge pressure in the pulmonary artery because it equals left atrium/ventricle pressure
38
What is the device used to measure pulmonary wedge pressure called?
Swan-Ganz Catheter
39
What determines blood pressure?
The Arteriole.
40
Oedema is when:
Hydrostatic pressure exceeds osmotic
41
What pressure causes oedema?
increased venous pressure
42
What are forces across capillaries called?
Starling Forces
43
How does increased plasma protein loss leave to Oedema?
due to decreased osmotic pressure back into veins
44
What causes pathological increased capillary permeability leading to oedema?
infection
45
Name two uses for end diastolic pressure:
1. measure filling of ventricles | 2. measure venous pressure driving fluid out of capillaries
46
Define Cardiac Failure
CO can't keep up with body's needs. Usually systolic failure
47
Why would the body retain fluid to compensate for decrease cardiac output?
increases left ventricular end diastolic pressure to maintain CO. bad if >25mmHg
48
Why would your lungs get congested in heart failure?
Cause of fluid retention compensating to get CO up and increases in LVEDP
49
3 mechanisms of Cardiac Failure
1. loss of myocardial muscle 2. pressure overload (stenosis, HTN) 3. volume overload (valve regurg)
50
Clinical features of right heart failure?
Oedema
51
Clinical fathers of left heart failure? 4 things:
SOB fatigue Tachycardia lung crackles
52
What happens to Na+, and K+ in cardiac failure?
Na+ retention, K+ loss, vasoconstriction
53
When do you get liver congestion of blood?
Right heart failure
54
Can left heart failure cause right heart failure?
Yes it can! venous hypertension will back blood up through the pulmonary circulation and cause arterial hypertension.
55
How do you get diastolic heart failure?
reduced compliance from infarct or stiff walls
56
What is only helpful short term for cardiac failure?
Digoxin, positive inotropics
57
How to treat underlying cause of heart failure?
``` bypass valve replacement pacemaker defib transplant ```

Jason's Cardiovascular Block (15 decks)

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