Cardio, Lymphatic, Endocrine, Respiratory systems

Question 1

Blood flows from the heart to what?

Answer 1

Arteries, capillaries, then veins

Question 2

What is the liquid component of blood and what does it do?

Answer 2

Plasma

carries, hormones, proteins, food, ions, and gases through body.

Question 3

Non liquid part of blood

Answer 3

Platlets

Question 4

Three categories of Blood Vessels

Answer 4

arteries and arterioles, veins and venules, and capillaries

Question 5

Arteries

Answer 5

carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart

Question 6

Veins

Answer 6

return oxygen poor blood to the heart

Question 7

Capillaries

Answer 7

provides sites for gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between blood and tissues. Very thin walls so allow exchange of material from blood and fluid between cells.

Question 8

arteriosclerosis

Answer 8

hardening of arteries and narrowing of the arteries due to plaque accumulation.

Question 9

Arterioles

Answer 9

smaller than arteries are microscopic vessels form a tree and eventually beds of smaller structures called capillaries

Question 10

Venules

Answer 10

Blood comes from capillaries into small venuous vessels called venules. then into veins. then back to heart.

Question 11

Cycle of oxygen rich blood away from heart then back.

Answer 11

Heart to Arteries, to arterioles, to capillaries, to venules, to veins, back to heart.

Question 12

The left and right side of heart are seperated by what?

Answer 12

Inter-ventricular Septum. this prevents mixing of blood from two sides of heart.

Question 13

Backflow of blood is stopped by which valves for the right and left ventricle?

Answer 13

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve in Right ventricle

Aortic Valve in the Left Ventricle

Question 14

Blood from veins enter which atrium first?

Answer 14

Right atrium through Superior Vena Cava

Question 15

After the Right Atrium and Ventricle where does the blood go?

Answer 15

Through the Pulmonary arteries into the lungs, which adds oxygen and gives off CO2.

Question 16

What happens after oxygen rich blood comes back towards heart>

Answer 16

It comes through pulmonary veins into left atrium and left ventricle. Then pumped through aorta to the rest of the body.

Question 17

What is the Cardiac cycle

Answer 17

The period from beginning of one heartbeat to beginning of next.

Question 18

What happens to left and right atrium and ventricles when pump?

Answer 18

They pump at the same time. Both atrium and both ventricles contract at same time.

Question 19

What is systole?

Answer 19

Systole is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle, where blood leaves the ventricles.

Question 20

What is diastole?

Answer 20

Relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle where blood fills the ventricles.

Question 21

What are the 7 parts of the respiratory system?

Answer 21

Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

Question 22

What are alveoli

Answer 22

Microscopic air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

Question 23

How many liters of air do humans breath per minute at rest and during exercise?

Answer 23

5-6 liters of air during rest

and 20-30 liters of air per minute during exercise.

Question 24

The bronchi branch into what?

Answer 24

Primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi. Then branch further into bronchioles and eventually end in alveoli.

Question 25

the ribs encase the lungs, which is separated by what?

Answer 25

Mediastinum which contains heart, aorta, esophagus, and part of trachea.

Question 26

What is the most important muscle of inspiration that is the only skeletal muscle essential for life?

Answer 26

The diaphragm. The diaphragm allows lungs to expand and airflow to enter lungs.

Question 27

At rest what performs most of the inspiration?

Answer 27

The diaphragm

Question 28

During exercise what other muscles help with inspiration?

Answer 28

Pectoralis minor, scalenes

Question 29

During Expiration what muscles are used for normal times and exercise times?

Answer 29

During Rest Expiration occurs passively, requiring no assistance from other muscles. During exercise Expiration becomes active and uses rectus abdominus, internal obliques, serratus posterior, , and internal intercostals.

Question 30

What is the lymphatic system?

Answer 30

composed of capillaries, vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid organs, and serves to return excess fluid from blood back to bloodstream. Prevents swelling of the intercellular spaces.

Question 31

What is Lymph fluid made of>

Answer 31

Similar to blood, no red blood cells or platlets, only white blood cells.

Question 32

What are 4 functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 32

- Deconstruction of bacteria and other foreign substance - immune response aid in manufacturing antibodies to destroy bacteria. - return of interstitial fluid to bloodstream. - prevention of excess accumulation of tissue fluid and filtered proteins.

Question 33

Cardiorespiratory endurance

Answer 33

Ability of heart and lungs to deliver blood and oxygen to working muscles during exercise.

Question 34

Three processes to provide adequate blood and nutrients to the tissues?

Answer 34

- getting oxygen into blood (pulmonary ventilation) - delivering oxygen to active tissues from cardiac output. - extracting oxygen from blood to compete to complete metabolic process of ATP.

Question 35

Oxygen carrying capacity is determined by what two principles?

Answer 35

1. ability to adequately ventilate alveoli in the lungs | 2. the hemoglobin concentrations in blood.

Question 36

what are some causes of respiration issues?

Answer 36

Emphysema or asthma.

Question 37

what is hemoglobin? Who would have low hemoglobin?

Answer 37

a protein in red blood cells that is specifically adapted to bond with oxygen molecules. anemic people

Question 38

What is the most important factor in cardiorespiratory endurance?

Answer 38

Delivery of blood to active cells from cardiac output.

Question 39

What is the equation for cardiac output?

Answer 39

Cardiac output = HR X SV

Question 40

How do HR and SV increase when exercising?

Answer 40

HR increases in linear fashion up to maximal exercise. | SV increases to 40-50% of maximal capacity and then plateaus.

Question 41

The amount of oxygen extracted is a function of what?

Answer 41

Muscle fiber type and availability of oxidative enzymes.

Question 42

Which type of muscle fibers are designed for oxygen extraction?

Answer 42

Slow twitch muscle fibers.

Question 43

What is the Endocrine System?

Answer 43

Made up of various glands and is responsible for regulating the bodily activities through production of hormones.

Question 44

How would you define hormones and what are the two categories?

Answer 44

They are chemical substances and are either steroid derived or hormones synthesized from amino acids.

Question 45

Which gland is refered to as the Master Gland and where is it located?

Answer 45

The pituitary gland, it has regulatory functions on other endocrine glands and controls diverse bodily functions. It is located beneath brain and has anterior and posterior lobes.

Question 46

Which hormone is an antidiuretic?

Answer 46

Vassopressin

Question 47

What hormone stimulates the smooth muscles of the reproductive organs?

Answer 47

Ocytocin

Question 48

Which hormones are gonadotropins and what do they do>

Answer 48

FSH and LH, they control the secretion of progestrone and estrogen in ovaries, and testosterone in testilces.

Question 49

Which hormone Stimulates the Thyroid>

Answer 49

TSH, Thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 50

Which hormone stimulates the adrenal gland?

Answer 50

ACTH- Adrenocorticortropin Hormons

Question 51

Which hormone stimulates growth in the skeletal system and promotes metabolic functions?

Answer 51

Growth Hormone

Question 52

Which hormone initiates and secrestes breast milk secretion?

Answer 52

Prolactin

Question 53

What is the largest endocrine organ and where is it located>=?

Answer 53

Thyroid gland, it is located in front of the upper part of the trachea

Question 54

Which hormones are iodine containing and regulates metabolism and oxygen consumption and heat production?

Answer 54

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Question 55

Which hormone lowers blood calcium and phosphate levels by accelerating absorption of calcium by bones?

Answer 55

Calcitonin

Question 56

what gland is located on the posterior surface of thyroid gland?

Answer 56

Parathyroid gland

Question 57

What hormone raises plasma calcium levels and lowers plasma phosphate levels?

Answer 57

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 58

What Gland are two pyramid shaped organs located on border of each kidney and has 2 distinct parts?

Answer 58

Adrenal Gland

Question 59

Which hormone affects carbohydrate metabolism, promoted hyperglycemia, constricts vessels in skin, dilates vesselsin skeletal system?

Answer 59

Epinephrine

Question 60

What hormone increases heart rate and forceof contraction and constricts blood vessels in most of the body?

Answer 60

Norepinephrine

Question 61

What hormone promotes reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the kidneys?

Answer 61

Mineralocortoids (Aldosterone)

Question 62

What hormone promotes protein and triglyceride breakdown?

Answer 62

Cortisol, glutocorticoids

Question 63

Which gland lies just below the stomach, produces digestive enzymes, and produces hormones that are involved in regulating carbohydrate metabolism?

Answer 63

Pancreas

Question 64

Which hormone causes liver and muscle cells to take up glucose and store in the form of glycogen, encourages fat cells to take on blood lipids and turn them into triglycerides?

Answer 64

Insulin`

Question 65

What hormone causes liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose to release into bloodstrean?

Answer 65

Glucagon

Question 66

The pituitary gland is found where and releases which hormones?

Answer 66

``` Located beneath the brain antidiuretic hormone (vassopressin) oxytocin (contraction of uterous and intestines) FSH and LH Thyroid stimiuating hormone Adrenocortriotropin hormone Growth Hormone Prolactoin ```

Question 67

the Thyroid gland is located where and releases which hormones?

Answer 67

Located upper portion of trachea thyroxine and Thriiodothyine calcitonin- decrease blood calcium level

Question 68

Where is the Parathyroid located and what Hormone does it release?

Answer 68

Located on posterior surface of thyroid | Release Parathyroid hormone

Question 69

Where is the adrenal gland located and what hormones does it release?

Answer 69

Located on border of each kidney Catecholamines aldosterone cortisol

Question 70

the pancreas is located where and what hormones does it release?

Answer 70

Just below the stomach insulin glucagon

Question 71

How does exercise effect catecholamine output?

Answer 71

Catecholamine output decreases significantly during the first couple weeks of exercise because of lower resting heart rate and lower rise in blood pressure.

Question 72

How does Exercise impact Cortisol levels?

Answer 72

Cortisol levels increase slightly

Question 73

How does exercise impact Insulin?

Answer 73

Increased muscle sensitivity to insulin. the normal decrease in insulin in untrained individuals reduces with training.

Question 74

How does exercise impact Glucagon?

Answer 74

smaller increase in glucose levels during exercise.

Question 75

How does Exercise impact Growth Hormone?

Answer 75

No effect on resting values, and less dramatic rise during exercise.

Question 76

How does Exercise impact Testerone?

Answer 76

Resistance training causes more testerone to be released.

Question 77

What are the 3 stages of the general adaption syndrome?

Answer 77

- Shock or alarm phase- cortisol released - Adaption or resistance, where body repairs - Stage if exhaustion, repairs are made

Question 78

What happens i the Shock phase?

Answer 78

Strength gains are contributed to neurommuscular adaptions

Question 79

What happens in the adaption or resistance phase?

Answer 79

Progressive increase in muscle size and shape

Question 80

What happens in exaustion phase?

Answer 80

similar to shock phase, but inadequate repair or recovery.

Question 81

Cardiac output is defined as what?

Answer 81

Amount of blood pumped per minute