Skeletal and Muscular System Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
how many bones are in the human body?
A
206, most of them are paired left and right.
2
Q
What is the point that the bones move at?
A
Their articulation, or joint.
3
Q
The skeleton also stores what two minerals?
A
Calcium and phosphorus
4
Q
What are the 4 types of bone clasifications?
A
- Long: longer than wide
- Short: about the same length and width
- Flat: think and typically curved, skull, ribs, sternum
- Irregular bones: don’t fit into the other categories
5
Q
What are the outer and inner layer of the bone called?
A
Outer is: Cortical bone
Inner is Trabecular bone.
6
Q
What percent of the bone is the corticol and trabecular?
A
Corticol is 75%
trabecular network is 25%
7
Q
Where is trabecular bones usually found?
A
In the vertebrae and at the ends of long bones
8
Q
the shaft of the bone is called the what?
A
Diaphysis
9
Q
The diaphysis is located between what two ends?
A
The proximal and distal
10
Q
What is the hollow inside of the bone called and what is it used for?
A
Medullary cavity, it is used as the storage site for fat and is sometimes called the yellow bone marrow cavity.
11
Q
What is the thin connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity?
A
Endosteum
12
Q
Certain red bones contain red bone marrow which is what?
A
red marrow is essential in manufacturing and maturation of red blood cells, most white blood cells, and platlets.
13
Q
What is also referred to as the growth plate and seperated they diaphysis and the epiphysis?
A
Epiphyseal cartridge
14
Q
What is the connective outer tissue of the bone called that has blood vessels and nerves?
A
Periosteum
15
Q
Most of the human skeleton is replaced every how many years?
A
Every 10 years
16
Q
What is the process that is responsible for the reshaping and rebuilding of the skeleton?
A
Remodeling
17
Q
Which bone cells build bones and which break it down?
A
Osteoblasts: build bone
Osteoclast: break bone down.
18
Q
What is Wolff’s law?
A
Changes in bone structure coincide with changes in bone function. When the body has more stressful forces on it then it will lay down more bone.
19
Q
How many of the 206 bones are in the axial skeleton?
A
74, consists of the skull, vertral column, sternum, and ribs.
20
Q
The vertabral column has how many vertabra?
A
33
21
Q
What are the 5 regions of the vertebral column abd how many vertabrae are in each?
A
- Cervical curve: 7 vertebrae
- Thoracic Curve: 12 Vertebrae
- Lumbar curve: 5 vertabra
- Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae
- Coccyx: 4 fused vertebrae
22
Q
the appendicular skeleton has how many bones?
A
The remaining 126 bones
23
Q
What are the 3 main types of joints?
A
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
24
Q
How much movement to fibrous joints allow?
A
Little to none, they are help together by fibrous connective tissue.
25
how much movement in cartilaginous joints?
Little to none, are connected by cartilage
26
What is the most common type of joint and what sort of movement does it allow?
Synovial joint, and it is freely moveable.
27
What allows the joint to move in various planes where the plane of movement is generally perpendicular to the axis?
The axis of rotation.
28
What are the 3 movement planes of the joints?
- uniplanar- hinge joint, ankle and elbow
- biplanar: allow movement in 2 planes, foot, knee, hand, wrist
- multiplanar: allow movement in 3 axis, hip, thumb, and shoulder.
29
What are the 4 types of movements in synovial joints?
- gliding: surface of 2 bones move back and forth
- angular: increase or dec in the angle of the joint
- circumduction: incorporate all 5 angular movements
- rotation: movement of bone around longitudinal axis (pronation and supination)
30
What is the difference between flexion and extension?
Flexion makes the angle smaller, and extension makes the angle bigger.
31
What is the difference between abduction and adduction?
Abduction is when a part of the body moved away from the midline
adduction movement of a body part toward the midline
32
What is the difference between pronation and supination?
When palm faces forward that is supination,
| when palm faces posteriorly is pronation
33
What is the overall function of the nervous system?
Collect information about conditions in relation to body's external state, analyze the info, and initialize correct response.
34
What are the 2 parts of the nervous system?
The central nervous system and Peripheral nervous system
35
The CNS consists of what and what is its job?
The brain and spinal cord
| It receives info from the PNS and formulates responses.
36
What is the PNS made of?
Nerves and ganglia
37
What are the 2 categories of the PNS?
afferent (sensory) division
| Efferent (Motor) division
38
What does the afferent division do?
Carries nerve impulses to the CNS.
| It is incoming information
39
What does the efferent division do and what are the 2 types?
handles outgoing info
| somatic and autonomic
40
What does the somatic nervous system do?
under consious control and carries nerve impulse from the CNS to the muscles.
41
What does the autonomic nervous system do?
The nerve impulses cannot be consciously controlled. The sympathetic and Parasympathetic are parts of this.
42
What is the difference between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system?
Sympathetic is the fight or flight response to stress.
| Parasympathetic aids in controlling normal function when the body is relaxed.
43
What is the most basic structural and functional component of the nervous system?
Neuron
44
What are dendrites and axon?
Dendrites conduct electrical impuses toward the cell body
| Transmit electrical signals away from the cell.
45
Do neurons have hundreds of dendrites or axons?
Hundreds of dendrites, only one axon.
46
Since neurons do not have contact with each other they must pass through what?
Synapse
47
Most axons are covered in what?
Myelin, which keeps Axon insulated and keeps electric current from going outside neuron
48
Proprioception
the sense of knowing where the body is in relation to its various segments of the external environment.
49
What are 3 types of receptros?
Proprioceptors: skin, around joints and muscle, and in inner ear
Cutaneous: in skin
joint receptors: located in joint.
50
What type of receptrors are located deep within the skin?
Pacinian Corpuscles
51
What receptors are in the superficial layer of the skin?
Meissner's Corpuscles
52
What does the Golgi Tendon organ do?
senses increased tension within its associated muscle when the muscle contacts or stretches
it is connected to 15-20 muscle fibers and is located between muscle belly and its tendon
53
What is autogenic inhibition?
function of the GTO when it senses muscle contraction it causes an inhibition of the contraction.
54
What else does GTO activation result in?
Contraction of the opposing muscle group
55
Where is the muscle spindle located?
in the muscle belly parallel to muscle fibers.
56
Because the muscle spindle is parallel to muscle fibers what happens to it when the muscle is stretched?
the muscle spindle stretches, causing a reflexive contraction.
57
What is reciprocal inhibition?
when a muscle spindle reflex contracts causes the antagonist muscle group to relax.
58
What is the vestibular system? Where is it located?
sensor info related to the position of the head in space and sudden changes in direction.
It is in the inner ear
59
What are 2 types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal Muscle: attaches to skeleton
smooth muscle: walls of hollow organs and tubes
cardiac muscle: forms walls of the heart.
60
Tendons are defined by which two types?
Tendon of origin: attached to proximal bone and less mobine
| Tendon of insertion: attached to distal bone more mobile
61
What is a muscle that creates a major movement?
A prime mover or agonist
62
The opposing muscle on the other side of the joint is the?
antagonist
63
What is a longitudinal muscle?
the muscle fibers fun parallel to the long axis of the muscle. This muscle is relatively weak, can produce considerable movement.
64
What is the other type of muscle other than longitudinal?
have a tendon that runs entire length of muscle with muscle fibers inserting diagonally into the muscle.
Can be unipennate: muscle fibers insert on one side
Bipennate: muscle fibers insert onto each side
Multipenne: complex arrangement that invoves several tendons.
65
Do unipennate and bipennate produce more or less force or movement than longitudinal?
Produce less movement and greater force during contraction.
66
Describe slow twitch or type 1 muscle fibers?
Have a large amount of mitocondria and more capillaries.
Also have higher amounts of myoglobin that makes them resistant to fatigue.
Create lower force, but are more efficient.
67
What are the 2 types of Fast twitch muscles and describbe them?
Type IIx and Type IIa
They have less mitocondria and fatigue more easily. cannot sustain their efforts for more than a few seconds.
Can create higher force
68
What type of muscle fiber is highly adaptable for endurance and other exercise?
Type IIa muscle fibers
69
Most people have what percentage of fast and slow twitch? Power athletes are beleived to have ehat percentage?
Most people have even amount of slow and fast twitch fibers. can be infuenced by genetice, hormones, and activity.
Power athletes are said to have larger percentage of fast twitch and endurance athletes higher percent of slow twitch.
70
Skeletal muscle is complosed of individual muscle cells called what?
Muscle fibers
71
Muscle fibers are help in place from thin sheets of connective tissue called?
Fasciae
72
the fascia that encase the entire muscle is the?
Epimysium
73
In the Epimusium are bundles of muscle fiber grouped in fibrous sheath of fascia knows as?
Perimysium
74
In the Perimysium are individual muscle fibers wrapped in fascia called?
Endomysium.
75
What do the light and dark bands in muscle fiber produce?
Dark A bands produce Myosin
| Light I bands produce: Actin
76
When a muscle fiber contracts the muscle used to drive the contraction comes from what?
ATP
77
Muscle contraction occurs when brain and spinal cord direct motor neurons to release what?
A neurotrasmitter called acetylcholin.
78
How are skeletal muscled named?
By shape, action, location, attachments, number of divisions, size relationships.
79
Connective tissue is made up of dozens of proteins called? They are the must abundant in the body?
Collagin
80
What are the two major physical features of collagen?
Tensile strength and relative inflexibility can only extend 3%
81
What are extensible fibers?
Can determine the possible range of extensibility of muscle cells
82
Extensible fibers have to be stretched to what point to reach their breaking point?
Past 150%
83
Describe tendons and their function?
Tendons are tough cord like tissue that connect muscle to bone, producing motion.
84
What do ligaments do?
They attach bone to bone and take on various shapes. are more pliant and flexible and allows freedom of motion.
85
What is fascia
All fibrous connective tissue not otherwise stated.
86
What are the 3 types of fascia
Superficial, deep, subserous
87
Ligaments, Muscle (Fascia), tendons, and skin are what percentage of resistance through a range of motion?
Ligament- 47%
Tendon- 10%
Muscle/Fascia- 41%
Skin- 2%
88
What are factors that contribute to flexibility?
Age- decreases normal muscle function, strength. Lose size and number of muscle fibers and replaced by collagen.
Gender- Females are more flexible than men
Joint structure and past injury- can lay down extra calcium after an injury at a joint.
89
What is the optimal temp to increase muscle to acheive benefits it?
103 degrees.
90
What is circadian variation?
your body has maximum and minimum functions throughout the day.
91
Where is the shoulder girdle?
Articulations between the clavicle with the sternum and the clavicle with the scapula, and the scapula with the tthorax, and the scapula with the head of the humerous.
92
what is the main function of the shoulder girdle?
To fix the scapula becasue there are no bony articulations.
93
Which muscles make up the rotator cuff
```
SITS
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatas
Teres minor
Subscapularis- only anterior one
```
94
What is the primary job of the rotator cuff?
Primary surround the head of the humerous and stabilize the humeral head in the glenoid fossa.
95
the external obliques run which direction and internal obliques run which direction?
External run down
| internal run upward.
96
What is the longest muscle in the body?
The sartorius, crosses the hip and the knee and produces flexion at both joints. "Tailor muscle"
97
Is the gluteus maximus used in running or walking?
Gluteus maximus is not used in ordinary walking, but has strong action in running, hopping, and jumping.
98
Which gluteus muscles have a role in walking?
Gluteus minimus and medius
99
what is sciatica
an irritation of the sciatic nerve that causes pain, tingling, or weakness. caused from the pirifemoris.
100
What is the muscle growth that is responsible for strength gains after prolonged period of resistance training?
Chronic Hypertrophy
101
What are some of the causes of muscle hypertrophy?
Increase in myofibrils
Greater number of Actin and myosin
Moe sacroplasm
more connective tissue
102
What is the mechanical response for muscle hypertrophy?
Increase in muscle protein synthesis.
103
do concentric or eccentric actions help more for resistance training?
Eccentric actions help more
104
How are muscle fiber cells impacted by resistance training?
Can split into two daughter cells and each can develop new m,uscle fibers.
105
Resistance training program increases what two hormones?
Testerone and growth hormone
106
All 4 quadricep muscles originate from different areas but do they originate together?
Yes, they share one tendon of insertion.
107
the GTO responds to muscle tension by causeing the muscle to?
Relax
108
The GTO causes what when the contraction ceases due to fatigue?
Autogenic inhibition
109
What kind of stretching causes the activation of GTO to relax muscle spindles and increase stretch?
Static stretching
110
Muscle spindles respond to muscle fibers being overstretched by what? What is this called?
Muscular Contraction
| Stretch reflex
111
Type 1 and type 2 muscle fibers are aerobic or anaerobic?
Type 1 is aerobic and type 2 is anaerobic.
112
Type 2a muscle fibers can sustain activity for how long?
Between type 1 and type 2X so can maintain activity longer than 30 seconds.
