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Patho > Cardio Path (exam 3) > Flashcards

Cardio Path (exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What are varicose veins? Cause?

A

Vein in which blood has pooled
Distended, painful and palpable veins
Caused by trauma or gradual venous distention

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2
Q

What is chronic venous insufficiency? What does it cause?

A

Longstanding inadequate vein return
Prolonged varicose veins can lead to it
Can cause venous stasis ulcers

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3
Q

What is deep venous thrombosis? Where is it most often? What are the risk factors (Virchow’s triad)?

A

Forming clot in veins
Most often in legs
Venous stasis (pool blood), Venous endothelial damage, Hypercoaguable states (to much clotting)

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4
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

Blood clot

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5
Q

What is a thromboembolus?

A

Blood clot that is dislodged and moving

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6
Q

What is thrombophlebitis?

A

Inflammation of vessel walls that could lead to a clot

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7
Q

What is an arterial thrombi? What can is lead to? What is the most likely cause?

A

Thrombi in a coronary or cerebral artery
Lead to CVA or MI
coronary artery–> ischemia–> hypoxia–> necrosis–> MI
Most likely due to atherosclerosis

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8
Q

What is a venous thrombi most likely to cause?

A

A pulmonary emboli

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9
Q

What is an emboli?

A

Bolus of matter (air, fat, plaque, tumor, infection, etc.) circulating in bloodstream

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10
Q

What is an aneurysm? What vessels are more likely to have them? Who is more likely to have one?

A

Distention or out pushing of vessel wall
Arterial vessels more likely
People with hypertension more likely

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11
Q

What is primary hypertension?

A

Essential or idiopathic hypertension (other names)
No exact cause
Most common form

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12
Q

What is secondary hypertension?

A

Caused by a systemic disease

Comes from a patho

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13
Q

What is isolated systolic hypertension?

A

Elevations of systolic pressure

Something going on with heart contraction and left ventricle force

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14
Q

What is complicated hypertension?

A

Chronic hypertensive damage to systemic blood vessels
hardening and thickening of walls
Clots possible

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15
Q

What is malignant hypertension?

A

Rapidly progressive, spontaneous, diastolic pressure usually >140mm/Hg

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16
Q

What is orthostatic (postural) hypotension?

A

BP is fine laying down

Both BP #s decrease upon standing

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17
Q

What is peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

A

Obstruction (occlusion) or narrowing (stenosis) of peripheral vessels
Hardening/ thickening of vessel walls in peripheral arteries

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18
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

PAD
Thick and hardening of arteries (umbrella)
Smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers migrate to tunica intima
Decrease in lumen size distensibility (lose elasticity)

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19
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Thickening and hardening of arteries due to fatty plaque buildups
Type of arteriosclerosis
Most common cause of arteriosclerosis
Leading cause of CAD and MI

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20
Q

What is thromboangiitis obliterans? What is an example of this disease?

A

Immune disorder, over inflammation that hardens and thickens walls (not due to fatty plaque)
Beurger disease

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21
Q

What is the atherosclerosis progression?

A
  • Endothelial inflammation and damage (due to HTN, dislipodemia, smoking, virus attack, immune dysfunction, LDL penetration)
  • LDL penetration and oxidation
  • Monocyte activation/ macrophage migration (macros eat but can’t digest so)
  • Cellular proliferation (macros become foam cells, chemotaxis of macros, get more foam cells)
  • Fatty streak development
  • Fatty plaque development
  • Complicated plaque formation (plaque & clot formation, primary cause of heart attack when in coronary arteries)
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22
Q

What is coronary artery disease (CAD)? What is the most common cause?

A

Occlusion and stenosis of coronary arteries

Most common cause is atherosclerosis

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23
Q

What is the most common symptom of coronary ischemia?

A

Angina (chest pain)

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24
Q

What is myocardial ischemia?

A

Lack of blood

Reversible if remove bloackage

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25
Q

What is myocardial infarction? What are the types?

A

Permanent myocardial muscle necrosis from ischemia
STEMI: ST segment elevation of EKG, ischemia happening now
Non-STEMI: ST segment not elevated, past ischemia

26
Q

What is stable angina?

A

Best to have

Known cause, comes and goes with cause

27
Q

What is unstable angina?

A

Occur at any time, often at rest, no indicator cause

28
Q

What is prinzmetal angina?

A

Coronary spasms

29
Q

What is silent ischemia?

A

Asymptomatic

30
Q

What is transient ischemia?

A

Temporary blockage, comes and goes

31
Q

What is sustained ischemia?

A

Deadly, prolonged blood blockage

32
Q

What is angioplasty?

A

Ballooning to widen the lumen of occluded vessel
Compresses plaque to wall
Can also place a stent to hold vessel open longer term

33
Q

What is coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)?

A

Bypass surgery

Connecting new blood supply to areas suffering ischemia

34
Q

What is pericarditis? What is it due to?

A

Inflammation of pericardium

Usually due to infection

35
Q

What is constrictive pericarditis?

A

Inflammation of pericardium that squeezes heart b

36
Q

What is pericardial effusion? What is a symptom of it?

A

Increase/ accumulation of pericardial fluid in sac

Symptom= tamponade

37
Q

What is dilated cardiomyopathy? What is a specific type of it?

A

Muscle ballooning out

Congestive cardiomyopathy: not food constriction, can’t pump out blood

38
Q

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Due to muscles becoming hypertrophied due to working to hard (HTN)

39
Q

What is restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

Pericardium causes restriction of heart muscle

40
Q

What is valvular stenosis?

A

Opening is to narrow for good blood flow

41
Q

What is valvular regurgitation? Where is it most common?

A

Valve prolapse, valves don’t close right, get backflow

Most common in mitral valve prolapse

42
Q

What is rheumatic heart disease?

A

Autoimmune disease from previous strep throat infection that produces antibodies that attack heart valves

43
Q

What are dysrhythmias?

A

Changes to heart rhythm

44
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

Fast heart beat

45
Q

What is a flutter?

A

Quick quiver

Good blood flow

46
Q

What is fibrillation?

A

Muscles quiver

No good blood flow

47
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Slow, depressed heart beat

48
Q

What is premature ventricular contraction (PVC)?

A

ventricle contracts while it is filling
Decrease blood delivery to body
From hyperkalemia

49
Q

What is premature atrial contraction (PAC)?

A

atrial contract while it is filling
Decrease blood delivery to body
From hyperkalemia

50
Q

What is asystole?

A

Missed/ skipped beat

51
Q

What is left sided heart failure?

A

Not able to pump blood to systemic tissues
Most often from systemic HTN- can’t force blood out- ventricular hypertrophy/ less volume for pumping
Blood backs up into lungs if can’t be pumped out (pulmonary HTN, pulmonary edema)

52
Q

What is right sided heart failure?

A

Not able to pump blood to lungs
Mostly due to pulmonary HTN- can’t force blood out- hypertrophy- less volume
Blood backs up in veins if can’t pump out
Most often caused by left sided heart failure

53
Q

What is high output failure?

A

Cardiac output and stroke volume are good, tissues are not getting nutrients though
Heart is working well and not the problem
Brain thinks heart is the problem, tells to work harder
Hyptertrophy of heart
Heart failure

54
Q

What is shock?

A

Response and loss of function in tissue cells after what comes from cardiovascular disease to get good oxygen or glucose

55
Q

What is cardiogenic shock?

A

Heart is at fault at not delivering

56
Q

What is Hypovolemic shock?

A

Low blood volume

57
Q

What is neurogenic shock?

A

Brain is at fault

58
Q

What is anaphylactic shock?

A

Allergy hypersensitivity cause

59
Q

What is septic shock?

A

Infection in blood is the cause

60
Q

What is Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)?

A

Dysfunction of 2 or more organ systems

Most often caused by septic shock

Patho (17 decks)

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