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Anatomy Semester 2 > Cardio pre-practical lecture > Flashcards

Cardio pre-practical lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the mediastinum lie?

A

The mediastinum lies between the left and right pleurae.

  • It extends from the sternum in front to the vertebral column behind, and contains all the thoracic organs except the lungs.
  • It is divided into 2 parts: a superior part and an inferior part.
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2
Q

What are the 3 regions the inferior part of the mediastinum is divided into?

A
  • It is divided relative to the pericardium.
  • The anterior mediastinum is in front of the pericardium.
  • The middle mediastinum contains the pericardium and its contents.
  • The posterior mediastinum is behind the pericardium.
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3
Q

What are the main contents of the superior mediastinum?

A
  • Glandular plane: thymus
  • Venous plane: brachiocephalic vv., SVC
  • Visceral plane: trachea, oesophagus
  • Lymphatic plane: thoracic duct
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4
Q

What does the anterior mediastinum contain?

A
  • Thymus
  • Lymph nodes
  • Fat
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5
Q

What are the main contents of the posterior mediastinum?

A
  • Oesophagus & Vagus nerve
  • Azygos vein
  • Sympathetic trunk
  • Thoracic duct
  • Descending aorta
  • Splanchnic nerve
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6
Q

What are the 2 layers of pericardium?

A

Fibrous and Serous

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7
Q

What is the serous layer composed of?

A
  • Outer parietal layer

- Inner visceral layer = Epicardium

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8
Q

What is epicardium composed of?

A

It is composed of endothelial cells and a thin layer of fat and connective tissue.

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9
Q

What cavity is present between parietal and visceral layers?

A

Pericardial cavity filled with percardial fluid

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10
Q

What surrounds the pericardium?

A

A fibrous sac

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11
Q

Various anatomical relationships for the pericardium

A
  • Surrounds heart and bases of pulmonary artery and aorta.
  • Deep to sternum and anterior chest wall.
  • The right phrenic nerve passes to the right of the pericardium.
  • The left phrenic nerve passes over the pericardium of the left ventricle.
  • Pericardial arteries supply blood to the dorsal portion of the pericardium.
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12
Q

What are the main identification features of the right atrium?

A
  • Openings for IVC, SVC, Coronary sinus
  • Interatrial septum
  • Fossa ovalis in interatrial septum
  • Musculi pectinati
  • Tricuspid valve
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13
Q

What are the main identification features of the right ventricle?

A
  • Tricuspid valve: 3 valve cusps, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles
  • Trabeculae carneae (contractile fleshy struts)
  • Moderator band (Septomarginal trabeculum)
  • Opening for pulmonary trunk
  • Interventricular septum
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14
Q

What is the purpose of the trabeculae carneae in the right ventricle?

A

The purpose of the trabeculae carneae is most likely to prevent suction that would occur with a flat surface and thus impair the heart’s ability to pump efficiently. The papillary muscles themselves are just a specialised form of trabeculae carneae.

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15
Q

What does the Moderator band (Septomarginal trabeculum) do in the right ventricle?

A

It prevents the overballooning of the right ventricle.

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16
Q

What are the main identification features of the left atrium?

A
  • Openings for L+R superior pulmonary veins and L+R inferior pulmonary veins.
  • Bicuspid (mitral) valve
  • Smooth-walled, small chamber, lying wholly postero-superiorly against oesophagus.
  • Forms base of heart
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17
Q

What are the main identification features of the left ventricle?

A
  • Bicuspid (mitral valve), 2 valve cusps, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles x2.
  • Trabeculae carneae
  • Opening for aorta
  • Interventricular septum
  • Wall 3x as thick as right ventricular wall.
  • Forms apex of the heart
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18
Q

Surface anatomy of heart: Heart

A

Lies opposite middle 4 thoracic vertebrae (T5-8) in recumbent position.

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19
Q

Surface anatomy of heart: Apex

A

5th left intercostal space, midclavicular line = left ventricle

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20
Q

Surface anatomy of heart: Base

A

Wholly posterior = left atrium

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21
Q

Surface anatomy of heart: Right border

A

SVC and right atrium

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22
Q

Surface anatomy of heart: Left border

A

Aortic arch and left ventricle

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23
Q

Surface anatomy of heart: Anterior surface

A 
Right atrium (1/4)
Right ventricle (2/4)
Left ventricle (1/4)
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24
Q

What are the main arteries, veins & lymphatics of trunk and chest wall?

A
  • Internal thoracic artery: gives off anterior intercostal arteries.
  • Internal thoracic vein: receives anterior thoracic veins.
  • Descending aorta
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Azygos vein
  • Thoracic duct
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25
What are the main arteries of upper limb?
- Subclavian artery - Axillary artery - Brachial artery - Radial artery - Ulnar artery
26
Where does the subclavian artery arise from and what does it become?
- It arises from the aortic arch. | - Subclavian becomes axillary at lateral border of 1st rib.
27
What does the axillary artery change into?
Axillary becomes brachial at inferior border of teres major m.
28
What does the brachial artery change into?
Brachial divides into radial and ulnar in cubital fossa.
29
What do the radial and ulnar arteries form?
Radial and ulnar arteries form palmar arches in palm of hand which give off digital aa.
30
What are the superficial veins of the upper limb?
- Cephalic vein - Basilic vein - Median cubital vein
31
Where do the superficial veins of the upper limb arise from?
They arise from the dorsal venous arch on the back of the hand.
32
Where does the cephalic vein travel?
It travels up the limb on the lateral side. | - Drains into axillary vein below clavicle.
33
Where does the basilic vein travel?
It travels up limb on medial side. | - Becomes continuous with brachial veins (deep veins accompanying brachial a.)
34
What does the median cubital vein do?
It connects cephalic and basilic across cubital fossa.
35
What is the main artery of the lower limb?
The femoral artery
36
What are the arteries of the lower limb?
- Aorta - iliac - Common femoral - Deep femoral - Superficial femoral - Popliteal - Anterior tibial - Posterior tibial - Peroneal - Pedal arch - Dorsalis pedis
37
What does the external iliac become in the lower limb?
Ext. iliac becomes common femoral in anterior thigh
38
What does the common femoral become?
Common femoral gives off superficial and deep femoral aa.
39
What does the superficial femoral become?
Superficial femoral becomes popliteal in popliteal fossa.
40
What does the popliteal artery become?
Popliteal artery gives off anterior and posterior tibial in leg.
41
What does the posterior tibial become?
Post. tibial gives off fibular (peroneal = old terminology) and continues medially down to plantar surface of foot (= medial & lateral plantar aa)
42
What does the anterior tibial become?
Ant. tibial continues down anteriorly to dorsum of foot where it becomes dorsalis pedis between 1st & 2nd toes
43
What are the superficial veins of the lower limb?
- Femoral vein - Great saphenous vein - Popliteal vein - Small saphenous vein
44
Where do superficial veins arise from?
Superficial veins arise from dorsal arch of foot.
45
Where does the great (long) saphenous vein travel?
Long saphenous travels up the limb medially to drain into femoral
46
Where does the small (short) saphenous vein travel?
Short saphenous travels up the limb posteriorly to drain into popliteal
47
What does the popliteal vein become?
Popliteal becomes femoral proximally
48
What does the femoral vein become?
Femoral becomes external iliac proximally
49
How do superficial veins drain?
Superficial vv drain to deep vv.
50
What are the superficial arterial pulse points of the body?
- Superficial temporal and Facial = branches of external carotid - Common carotid = branch of aortic arch - Brachial = continuation of axillary - Radial = lateral branch of brachial - Femoral = continuation of ext. iliac - Popliteal = continuation of femoral - Post. tibial = branch of popliteal - Dorsalis pedis = continuation of ant. tibial
51
Features of the right coronary artery supplying the heart
- Arises from right aortic sinus of ascending aorta. - Runs in coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus. - At inferior margin of heart it gives off right marginal artery. - On post surface of heart RCA gives off posterior descending artery.
52
Features of the left coronary artery supplying the heart
- Arises from left aortic sinus of ascending aorta. - Runs in coronary sulcus. - Divides almost immediately into left anterior descending artery (in interventricular sulcus) and circumflex artery.
53
What are anastomoses and where are they found in the heart for coronary supply?
``` An anastomosis is a connection or opening between two things (especially cavities or passages) that are normally diverging or branching, such as between blood vessels, leaf veins, or streams. Found: - Ant + Post descending - Circumflex + RCA - Occur on post surface of heart ```
54
What are the 2 major sulci containing the branches of the coronary arteries
- Coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus: between atria + ventricles. - Interventricular sulcus: between R+L ventricles.
55
What are the main veins of the heart wall and where do they lie?
- Great cardiac vein lies alongside anterior interventricular artery. - Middle cardiac vein lies alongside post interventricular artery. - Small cardiac vein lies alongside right marginal artery. - All above drain into the coronary sinus lying alongside the circumflex artery. - The coronary sinus drains into the right atrium. - Anterior cardiac veins drain directly into right atrium.
56
Does the vagus nerve increase or decrease heart rate?
The vagus nerve (parasympathetic) decreases heart rate.
57
What nerves increase heart rate and force of contraction?
Sympathetic cardiac nerves
58
What nerves go to the heart?
- Phrenic nerve - Vagus nerve - Sympathetic fibres
59
Phrenic nerve innervation
Phrenic nerve innervates the fibrous pericardium and parietal layer of serous pericardium. Carries pain sensation.
60
Vagus nerve innervation
Vagus nerve innervates heart and visceral layer of serous pericardium.
61
Sympathetic fibres innervation
Sympathetic fibres - from the cervical and upper thoracic sympathetic ganglia innervate heart and visceral layer of serous pericardium.
62
How does internal innervation (conduction) arise?
Signals arising in the SA node stimulate the atria to contract and travel to the AV node. After a delay, the stimulus is conducted through the bundle of His (atrioventricular bundle) to l & r bundle branches and Purkinje fibres to the endocardium at the apex of the heart, then finally to the ventricular epicardium.
63
Histological features of Artery
- Thick smooth muscular wall | - Lumen smaller relative to wall than vein.
64
Histological features of Vein
- Thinner wall than artery. - Less smooth muscle. - Lumen wider relative to wall than artery.
65
Histological features of Cardiac muscle
- Branching striated fibres - Central rounded nuclei - Intercalated discs
66
Histological features of Muscular arteries
- Smaller distributing arteries - Thick smooth muscle in wall, few elastic fibres. - e.g. brachial, radial, femoral, posterior tibial, coronary.
67
Histological features of Elastic arteries
- = larger conducting arteries receiving blood directly from heart - Numerous laminae of dark-staining, wavy, elastic fibres in wall in amongst smooth muscle fibres - Eg. aorta, pulmonary trunk

Anatomy Semester 2 (13 decks)

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