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Internal medicine > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

Inferior ECG leads for Right Coronary Artery

A

II,III,aVF

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2
Q

Lateral ECG leads for Left Circumflex Artery

A

I,aVL,V5,V6

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3
Q

Antero-Septal ECG leads for Left Anterior Descending Artery

A

V1,V2,V3,V4

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4
Q

Is pulseless electrical activity of heart a shockable rhythm

A

No

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5
Q

Rhythms that are shockable by AED

A

Ventricular fibrillation(v-fin) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (pulseless v-tach)

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6
Q

What is Beck’s triad

A

Classical signs of acute cardiac tamponade:Low BP,distended jugular veins and muffled heart sounds

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7
Q

What should be considered in all immunocompromised patients who are hypotensive

A

Sepsis/Septic Shock

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8
Q

Phenomenon when an unrepaired heart septal defect is reversed over time

A

Eisenmenger syndrome

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9
Q

Narrow complex tachycardia cause

A

Supraventricular tachycardia

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10
Q

Causes of cardiac chest pain in children

A

Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction(LVOTO)
-Aortic stenosis
-HOCM

Inflammation
-Myocarditis
-Perocarditis

Arrhythmias

Rare causes
-Kawasaki disease if coronary arteries are involved
-congenital defects of coronary arteries

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11
Q

Main drugs for heart failure

A
  1. Beta blockers
  2. Ace inhibitors/ARB
  3. Diuretics
  4. SGLT 2 inhibitors
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12
Q

Main cause of mitral stenosis

A
  1. Rheumatic heart disease
  2. Infective endocarditis
  3. Radiotherapy
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13
Q

Signs of atrial fibrillation

A
  1. Absence of p waves
  2. Absence of f waves
  3. Irregular rhythm of QRS complexes
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14
Q

Causes of MR

A
  1. Primary: structural defects eg MVP, RHD
  2. Secondary: Atrial MR, nonischemic CMP, ischemic CMP
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15
Q

Causes of stenotic valvular lesions

A

Congenital
Senile
Rheumatic

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16
Q

Causes of Tricuspid regurgitation

A

Primary: Prolapse, infection, congenital

Secondary: AF, pulm HTN, RH dilatation

17
Q

Causes of Aortic regurgitation

A

Young: Bicuspid AV, Marfans, Anky spon

Old: Degenerative, atherosclerotic dilatation, leutic disease(syphilis)

18
Q

Inheritance pattern of Marfan and the involved gene

A

Autosomal dominant, 50%

Fibrillin 1

19
Q

Causes of regurgitant valvular disease

A

Congenital
Rheumatic
Senile
ischemic
Functional
Infective
Traumatic

20
Q

Valve dysfunction often associated with valvular AF

A

Mitral regurgitation

21
Q

Section of coronary arteries most likely to be affected in heart block

A

Proximal branch of Right coronary artery, perfuses AV node

22
Q

What is a third degree heart block

A

Complete AV node dissociation, no r/s between p and qrs

irregular PR interval

normal PP and RR intervals

23
Q

What are the types of 2nd degree heart block

A

Mobitz type 1: PR lengthens until one beat is not conducted

Mobitz type 2: PR remains normal but some beats are not conducted

24
Q

What is a first degree heart block

A

All beats are conducted but PR interval is lengthened >200ms( 5 small sq)

25
Q

Causes of aortic stenosis

A
  1. Bicuspid aortic valve in children
  2. Degenerative
26
Q

Sx and prognostication of aortic stenosis

A

ASD

Prognosis

Angina 5yr
Syncope 3yr
Dyspnea 2yr

27
Q

Duke Major criteria for IE

A
  1. Positive blood c/s x2 or high risk organism
  2. Positive findings on TTE/TEE
28
Q

Duke minor criteria for IE

A
  1. Predispositions for IE( eg prev IE, IVDU, prosthetic valve)
  2. Febrile
  3. Vascular phenomenon(Osler, janeway, roth, splinter)
  4. Immunologic phenomenon
  5. Microbiologic findings on blood c/s that does not meet major crit.
29
Q

5 drug classes for Heart failure drugs

A

Beta Blockers
Diuretics
ACE-i/ARB + Entresto(Sacubitril-Valsartan)
SGLT2 inhibitor

30
Q

Renal diet

A

Low protein about 0.8g
Low phosphate
Low K
Fluid restriction
Low salt

31
Q

HAS BLED score components

A

Hypertension
Abnormal kidney/liver function
Stroke

Bleeding
Labile INR
Elderly >65
Drugs or alcohol

NOT a contraindication checklist for anticoagulation

32
Q

CHAD VASC score

A

Congestive Cardiac Failure
Hypertension
Age
Diabetes

Vascular Disease
Sex
Stroke Hx

33
Q

Definition of pulmonary hypertension

A

Mean pulmonary wedge pressure above 20 measured using Swan Ganz catheter

34
Q

Type of STEMI in pericarditis

A

Global saddle shaped STE

35
Q

Key investigations for any Shortness of breath/ desaturation

A
  1. Arterial Blood Gas
  2. ECG
  3. Troponins/ cardiac enzymes
36
Q

Subtypes of atrial fibrillation

A
  • Paroxysmal AF that resolves within 1/52 of treatment
  • Persistent: continuous AF >1/52
  • Longstanding persistent: >1 year
  • Permanent AF: Persistent AF where therapeutic attempts no longer made to maintain sinus rhythm
37
Q

CHA2DS2 VASc score components

A

Cardiac Failure
Hypertension
Age
DM
Vascular disease hx
Atherosclerotic Disease
Sex

38
Q

HAS BLED Score

A

Hypertension
Abnormal liver or kidney function
Stroke hx

Bleeding diathesis or medications
Labile INR
Elderly >65
Drugs that predispose to bleeding or Drinking(alcohol)

Internal medicine (15 decks)

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