Cardiology

Question 1

What may be the consequence of eating non-traditionnal diet (mainly pulse ingredients) in dogs ?

Answer 1

Larger left ventricular size and lower myocardial systolic performance (Owens et Al JVIM 2022) May predispose to DCM according other studies

Question 2

What are the two sarcomeric mutation and breeds of cats predisposed to HCM?

Answer 2

Main coon: MyBPC3-A31P (Myosin Binding Protein C)
Ragdoll: MyBPC3-R820W

Question 3

True or false: an increased cTnI is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death independent of LA size

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What are the action of nitroglycerin and nitroprusside ?

Answer 4

Veinodilator and balanced vasodilator (respectively)

Question 5

What class of molecule is sildenafil ?

Answer 5

A phosphodiesterase V inhibitor

Question 6

What can cause premature atrial complex ?

Answer 6

Atrial distension, atrial tumors, hyperthyroidism, digitalis toxicosis….

Question 7

What can cause atrial fibrillation in dogs ?

Answer 7

Atrial distension, anesthesia (especially opioids), hypothyroidism, pericardiocentesis…

Question 8

Is atrial fibrillation a negative prognostic factor in dogs?

Answer 8

Yes, in dogs with CHF

Question 9

What are the indications for defibrillation in dogs with atrial fibrillation?

Answer 9

Recent onset and absence of structural heart disease

Question 10

True or false: cats with 3rd degree AV block may be asymptomatic and have long survival time

Answer 10

True

Question 11

What is the main cause of atrial standstill?

Answer 11

Hyperkalemia

Question 12

What are the 3 most common congenital heart diseases in dogs ?

Answer 12

PDA, pulmonic stenosis and subaortic stenosis

Question 13

What are the 3 most common congenital heart diseases in cats?

Answer 13

Ventral septum defect, PDA, tricuspid and mitral valve dysplasia

Question 14

How much time does it take for the ductus arteriosus to close in dogs ?

Answer 14

Less than 7-10 days after birth

Question 15

What are the 3 categories of pulmonic stenosis based on systolic pressure gradient?

Answer 15

Mild (<50mmHg), moderate (50-80mmHg) and severe (>80mmHg)

Question 16

What specific abnormality can be seen in English bulldog or boxer with subvalvular pulmonic stenosis?

Answer 16

Left coronary circling

Question 17

True or false: myocardial infarction or fibrosis is frequent in dogs with subvalvular aortic stenosis

Answer 17

True, due to coronary modifications/degeneration presumed to high shear stress/wall tension

Question 18

Does the left heart and systemic circulation supply the respiratory system with blood ?

Answer 18

Yes, with the bronchial/bronchoesophageal arterial system (directly or anastomoses to pulmonary arteries)

Question 19

What sign can be present on thoracic radiographs of dogs with persistent right aortic arc ?

Answer 19

Leftward deviation of the trachea at the heart base

Question 20

Which factors may be associated with afebrile endocarditis in dogs ?

Answer 20

Aortic involvement and Bartonella infection

Question 21

For which dog breeds DCM is frequently diagnosed at young age?

Answer 21

Portuguese Water Dog and Toy Manchester Terrier

Question 22

What may be the most useful biomarker for occult DCM in dogs ?

Answer 22

NT-proBNP

Question 23

To what deficiency may be linked DCM in American Cocker Spaniels ?

Answer 23

Taurine deficiency

Question 24

True or false: Low protein diets (such for urate prevention) may have an impact on the development of DCM in Dalmatians

Answer 24

True

Question 25

What mutation of the Doberman has been associated with DCM development?

Answer 25

PKD4

Question 26

What does show histopathology of ARVC of boxers ?

Answer 26

Fibrous fatty infiltrate of the right ventricular free wall

Question 27

True or false: cTnI may increase in Boxers with ARVC but it is not always higher than control Boxers

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Does taurine deficiency in cats provokes retinal degeneration ?

Answer 28

Yes

Question 29

Is it better to evaluate taurine level on plasma or whole blood in cats ?

Answer 29

Whole blood because of high post prandial plasma level and low 24h-fasting plasma level

Question 30

True or false: The valentine-shaped heart is not specific for HCM and bilateral atrial enlargement in cats

Answer 30

True

Question 31

What abnormality can be seen on lateral thoracic XR of cats with peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia?

Answer 31

Persistence of the dorsal mesothelial remnant

Question 32

What is and what causes pulses paradoxus?

Answer 32

It is a decrease in arterial blood pressure during inspiration when there is a pericardial effusion

Question 33

What is the most common cause of pericardial effusion in the dog ?

Answer 33

Neoplasia

Question 34

Is thoracic XR sensitive or specific for the detection of pericardial effusion?

Answer 34

No

Question 35

True or false: pericardiectomy is indicated for dogs with pericardial effusion and heart base masses

Answer 35

True, it increased MST to 730days (vs 42)

Question 36

What is the most common cause of pericardial effusion in cats ?

Answer 36

CHF

Question 37

How much time does it takes for a dog to develop microfilaremia (D. Immitis)?

Answer 37

6-9months

Question 38

How long is the incubation period of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs?

Answer 38

2-3months

Question 39

True or false: not all cats exposed will develop mature heartworm infection and 50% of aborted infections will still provoke lesions (HARD)

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Is adulticide therapy recommended in cats with heartworm infection?

Answer 40

No, due to side effects and lack of evidence of increased survival/efficacity

Question 41

What is the mechanism of action of aspirin as an antiplatelet agent?

Answer 41

It irreversibly acetylates platelet cyclooxygenase preventing the formation of thromboxane A2

Question 42

What is the mechanism of action of clopidogrel?

Answer 42

Irreversible antagonism of ADP membrane receptor of platelets (inhibition of aggregation, vasoconstriction...),maximum effects after 3 days and stopped after 7 days after discontinuation

Question 43

What is suggested by main pulmonary artery dilation on thoracic radiographs ?

Answer 43

Pulmonary stenosis, left to right shunting or pulmonary hypertension

Question 44

What is suggested by aorta dilation on thoracic radiographs ?

Answer 44

Subaortic stenosis, PDA or aortopathy

Question 45

Which drug is the only one recommended (proven effect) for dogs with stage B2 MMVD?

Answer 45

Pimobendane

Question 46

What should we look for when a dog with MMVD without CHF or PH has syncope ?

Answer 46

Arrhythmias (Holter)

Question 47

Which canine breeds may show signs of ventricular arrhythmia before echocardiographic signs of DCM?

Answer 47

Doberman and Great Dane with ventricular arrhythmias Irish Wolfhound with atrial fibrillation

Question 48

What disease might be associated with renal infarcts in cats ?

Answer 48

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy