Cardiology

Question 1

What two membranes contribute to the formation of the foramen ovale?

Answer 1

Septum primum

Septum secandum

Question 2

Remnants of the foramen ovale

Answer 2

Fossa ovalis

Question 3

What is anterior and posterior to the transverse pericardial sinus?

Answer 3

Anterior: aorta, pulmonary trunk

Posterior: superior vena cava, pulmonary veins

Question 4

What are the borders of the superior mediastinum?

Answer 4

1st ribs
Manubrium
T1

Question 5

What is the border of the inferior mediastinum?

Answer 5

Diaphragm

Question 6

What is located in the anterior inferior mediastinum?

Answer 6

Fat
Lymph vessels
Internal thoracic vessels
Sternopericardial ligaments

Question 7

What is located in the middle inferior mediastinum?

Answer 7

Pericardium
Heart
Great Vessels
Main Bronchi

Question 8

What is located in the posterior inferior mediastinum?

Answer 8

Aorta
Esophagus
Thoracic Duct
Sympathetic Chain

Question 9

Runs anterior to the root of the lung; through the pericardium

Answer 9

Phrenic nerves

Question 10

What is the fibrous pericardium attached to?

Answer 10

• Central tendon of diaphragm

- Sternum via sternopericardial ligaments

Question 11

Allow for increased filling of atria without taking up more space

Answer 11

Auricles

Question 12

What openings are located in the right atrium (aside from the tricuspid valve)?

Answer 12

SVC
IVC
Coronary sinus

Question 13

Where the SA node sits; fusion of fetal and adult coronary tissue

Answer 13

Crista terminalis

Question 14

Remnants of the primitive atrium

Answer 14

Pectinate muscle

Question 15

What are the 3 cusps of the right AV valve?

Answer 15

Anterior
Posterior
Septal

Question 16

Remnants of the primitive ventricle

Answer 16

Trabeculae carneae

Question 17

Connects valves to the papillary muscles

Answer 17

Chordae tendinae

Question 18

Responsible for opening and closing the valves

Answer 18

Papillary muscles

Question 19

Where does the right coronary artery travel?

Answer 19

In the coronary groove

Question 20

The right coronary artery gives off which branches?

Answer 20

Anterior: right marginal branch

Posterior: posterior descending/interventricular branch (if RIGHT-DOMINANT)

Question 21

The left coronary artery gives off which branches?

Answer 21

Anterior: left anterior descending branch

Posterior: left circumflex branch

Lateral: Left marginal artery

Question 22

The LAD of the left coronary artery gives off which branches?

Answer 22

Diagonal branch of the LAD

Question 23

What branches come off the coronary sinus?

Answer 23

Continuation: great cardiac vein

Posterior: middle cardiac vein (off coronary sinus) and posterior vein of the left ventricle

Anterior: small cardiac vein

Question 24

Innervation of the parietal pericardium

Answer 24

Phrenic nerve

Question 25

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations of the heart?

Answer 25

Sympathetic: cardiac nerve from sympathetic trunk Parasympathetic: vagus nerve Form superficial and deep cardiac plexuses

Question 26

Where does the vagus run in the middle inferior mediastinum?

Answer 26

Anterior to the aorta, posterior to the room of the lung (pulmonary artery)

Question 27

Where do the recurrent laryngeal nerves loop?

Answer 27

Right: right subclavian Left: aorta

Question 28

Remnant of the ductus arteriosum

Answer 28

Ligamentum arteriosum

Question 29

Trace back the cardiac nerves to the spine.

Answer 29

Cardiac nerve —> paravertebral ganglia —> sympathetic trunk —> white ramus communicans —> ventral ramus —> spinal nerve —> ventral root

Question 30

Vertebral level of the aortic arch and tracheal bifurcation

Answer 30

T4/T5

Question 31

What are the borders of the posterior inferior mediastinum?

Answer 31

T5-T12 Posterior pericardium Diaphragm Parietal pleural of bilateral lungs

Question 32

What branches does the descending aorta give off?

Answer 32

Bronchial arteries Esophageal arteries Posterior intercostal arteries Subcostal arteries

Question 33

What is special about the azygos vein?

Answer 33

It has no valves

Question 34

How did fetal circulation bypass the liver? Lungs? Right ventricle?

Answer 34

Liver - ductus venosus Lungs - ductus arteriosus Right ventricle - foramen ovale