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Neuroanatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does the cerebellum sit?

A

Posterior fossa

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2
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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3
Q

Which layer of the meninges absorbs CSF? How?

A

Arachnoid mater via arachnoid granulations

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4
Q

What is the most commonly damaged artery with a fracture to the temple of the head?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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5
Q

What is the most commonly affected artery in an epidural hematoma?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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6
Q

Separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres

A

Falx cerebri

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7
Q

Separates the cerebellar hemispheres

A

Falx cerebelli

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8
Q

Separates occipital lobes from cerebellum

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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9
Q

What are the main venous sinuses of the head?

A 
Superior sagittal sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
Transverse sinuses
Sigmoid sinuses
Occipital sinus
Cavernous sinus
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10
Q

Which sinus is most likely to be involved in the spread of infection? Why?

A

Cavernous sinus —> it also drains the face

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11
Q

Which structure runs among the veins of the cavernous sinus?

A

Internal carotid artery

CNs III-VI

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of a subdural hematoma?

A

Trauma/ damage from rotational velocity —> tear of a cerebral vein (between dura mater and arachnoid mater)

*bleeds slowly - “awake and dead”

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13
Q

Responsible for voluntary motor functions, planning, mood, smell, emotions, and social judgement

A

Frontal lobe

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14
Q

Receives and integrates sensory information

A

Parietal lobe

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15
Q

Visual center of the brain

A

Occipital lobe

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16
Q

Areas for hearing, smell, learning, memory, and emotional behavior

A

Temporal lobe

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17
Q

What structures are located in the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal lobes

Olfactory bulbs and tracts

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18
Q

What structures are located in the middle cranial fossa?

A

Temporal lobes

Pituitary gland

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19
Q

What are the parts of the brain stem?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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20
Q

Keeps you awake and focuses your attention to certain stimuli; problem solving; located in brain stem

A

Reticular activating system

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21
Q

Over half of the brain’s neurons are located where?

A

Cerebellum

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22
Q

What structures are located in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Brain stem

Cerebellum

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23
Q

What is the function of CSF?

A

Buoyancy of the brain

Protective cushioning

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24
Q

The result of overproduction, flow obstruction, or malabsorption of CSF

A

Hydrocephalus

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25
What can cause hydrocephalus?
Damage to the arachnoid granulations | Stenosis of duct
26
Where do the vertebral arteries travel in the spine?
Transverse foramina of the vertebrae
27
The vertebral arteries come together to form what?
Basilar artery
28
What arteries make up the circle of Willis?
``` Anterior cerebral arteries Anterior communicating arteries Middle cerebral arteries Posterior communicating arteries Posterior cerebral arteries Basilar artery ```
29
Infarct of which arteries can lead to Wallenberg’s Syndrome (loss of balance, coordination, sensation of the face and body, sense of body position and midline, vocal cord function, and eye movement coordination)?
Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICA)
30
What is the most common site of aneurysms in the circle of Willis?
Anterior communicating arteries
31
Where does the spinal cord end?
Between T12-L3
32
Which the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements give rise to what?
Cervical - brachial plexus | Lumbosacral - lumbar/sacral plexuses
33
Where does the dural sac end?
S2
34
Where is CSF located?
Subarachnoid space
35
What is the best place to do a spinal tap?
Between L3 and L4 into lumbar cistern
36
Sheet of pia mater that suspends spinal cord in the dural sac
Denticulate ligaments
37
End of the spinal cord (location)
Conus medullaris - L1/L2
38
Located in the lumbar cistern
Cauda equina
39
What structures pass over the cribiform plate?
Olfactory nerves (CN I)
40
What structures pass through the optic canal?
``` Optic nerve (CN II) Ophthalmic artery ```
41
What structures pass through the superior orbital fissure?
``` Oculomotor nerve (CN III) Trochlear nerve (CN IV) Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) Abducent nerve (CN VI) Ophthalmic veins ```
42
What structures pass through the foramen rotundum?
Maxillary nerve (CN V2)
43
What structures pass through the foramen ovale?
Mandibular nerve (CN V3)
44
What structures pass through the foramen spinosum?
Middle meningeal artery and vein
45
What structures pass through the foramen lacerum?
Internal carotid artery
46
What structures pass through the internal acoustic meatus?
``` Facial nerve (CN VII) Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) ```
47
What structures pass through the jugular foramen?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) Vagus nerve (CN X) Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) Internal jugular vein
48
What structures pass through the hypoglossal canal?
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
49
What structures pass through the foramen magnum?
Medulla Meninges Spinal root of CN XI Vertebral arteries
50
What is CN I and what does it do?
Olfactory nerve | Olfactory information
51
What is CN II and what does it do?
Optic | Visual information
52
What is CN III and what does it do?
Oculomotor | Innervates most eye muscles
53
What CN contribute to somatic motor pathways?
Oculomotor Trochlear Abducent Hypoglossal
54
What is CN IV and what does it do?
Trochlear | Superior oblique eye muscle
55
What is CN V and what does it do?
Trigeminal | Chewing muscles + facial sensation
56
What is CN VI and what does it do?
Abducent | Lateral rectus of the eye
57
What is CN VII and what does it do?
Facial Facial muscles + taste ant 2/3 (chorda tympani)+ eye lid + back of ear _ salivary and lacromal glands + nasal/palatal glands
58
What is CN VIII and what does it do?
Vestibulocochlear | Hearing + balance
59
What is CN IX and what does it do?
Glossopharyngeal | Salivation + 1/3 post taste
60
What is CN X and what does it do?
Vagus | Heart, gut, midgut + swallowing
61
A lesion in what cranial nerve would cause a deviation in the uvula? In which direction?
Vagus, deviates away from the lesion
62
What is CN XI and what does it do?
Spinal accessory | SCM and trapezius
63
What is CN XII and what does it do?
Hypoglossal | Tongue movements
64
What nerve developed in the first branchial arch?
Trigeminal V3
65
What nerve developed in the second branchial arch?
Facial nerve
66
What nerve developed in the third branchial arch?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
67
What nerve developed in the fourth branchial arch?
Vagus
68
What nerve developed in the sixth branchial arch?
Spinal accessory
69
What nucleus does CNV3 originate from?
Trigeminal nucleus (branchiomotor)
70
What nucleus does CN VII originate from?
``` Facial nucleus (branchiomotor) Superior salivary nucleus (parasympathetic) ```
71
What nucleus does CN IX originate from?
``` Nucleus ambiguous (branchiomotor) Inferior salivary (parasympathetic) ```
72
What nucleus does CN X originate from?
``` Nucleus ambiguus (branciomotor) Dorsal motor nucleus (parasympathetic) ```
73
Where does CN XI originate from?
Cervical accessory nucleus (branchiomotor)
74
What nucleus does CN XII originate from?
Hypoglossal nucleus (somatic motor)
75
What nucleus does CN III originate from?
``` Edinger-westphal (parasymapthetic) Oculomotor nucleus (somatic motor) ```
76
What nucleus does CNIV originate from?
Troachlear (motor)
77
What ganglion does CN III project to and or what action?
Ciliary ganglion (parasympathetic) - pupillary/cilliary response
78
What ganglion does CN VII project to for which action?
``` Pterygopalatine ganglion (parasymapthetic) - lacromal gland for tears Submandibular gland (parasymapthetic) - submandibular/sublingual glands for salivation ```
79
What ganglion does CN IX project to for which action?
Otic ganglion (parasymapthetics) —> parotid gland for salivation
80
What ganglion does CN X project to for which action?
Cardiac/mesenteric ganglion (parasympathetic) —> heart, foregut, gut parasympathetics
81
What are the two organs/nerves supplied by sympathetic motor neurons?
Eye and tongue: Oculomotor Trochlear Abducent Hypoglossal
82
Where does the trigeminal nerve travel/synapse to to relay TOUCH sensory information? What kind of touch information?
Trigeminal ganglion —> trigeminal sensory nuclei Face
83
What are the 3 trigeminal sensory nuclei and what information do the each receive?
Mesencephalic - proprioception Principle sensory - discriminative touch Spinal trigeminal - pain + temperature
84
Where does the glossopgaryngeal nerve travel/synapse to to relay TOUCH sensory information? What kind of touch information?
Superior glossopharyngeal ganglion —> trigeminal sensory nuclei Oropharynx
85
Where does the vagus nerve travel/synapse to to relay TOUCH sensory information? What kind of touch information?
Jugular ganglion —> trigeminal sensory nuclei
86
Where does the facial nerve travel/synapse to to relay TOUCH sensory information? What kind of touch information?
Geniculate ganglion —> trigeminal nuclei Back of ears
87
Where does the facial nerve travel/synapse to to relay TASTE sensory information? What kind of taste information?
Geniculate ganglion —> rostral nucleus solitarius Anterior 1/3 of tongue
88
Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve travel/synapse to to relay TASTE sensory information? What kind of taste information?
Petrosal ganglion —> rostral nucleus solitarius Posterior 1/3 of tongue
89
Where does the vestibulocochlear nerve travel/synapse to to relay HEARING/BALANCE sensory information?
Straight to the cochlear and vestibular nuceli
90
Where does the vagus nerve travel/synapse to to relay cardiac and gut sensory information as well as pain?
Inferior vagaries ganglion —> Caudal nucleus solitarius
91
Where does the DCML tract travel in the spinal cord?
Posterior/dorsal column between the dorsal horns Cervical portions are most medial to the horns Decussates at medulla
92
Where does the corticospinal tract travel in the spinal cord?
Posterior: Immediately anterior to the dorsal horn Cervical portions are most medial to the horns Decussates at medulla
93
Where does the spinothalamic tract travel in the spinal cord?
Anterior: lateral to the ventral horn Cervical portions are most medial to the horns Decussates at level of the spinal cord
94
What structures run through the cavernous sinus?
CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI | Internal carotid
95
What would damage to the facial nerve do?
Produces sagging facial muscles and disturbed sense of taste
96
The motor branch of the facial nerve exits where to reach the muscles of mastecation?
Stylomastoid foramen
97
Nerve carrying parasymapthetics (from facial nerve) to the lacromal gland
Greater petrosal nerve
98
Nerve carrying taste and parasymapthetics to salivary glands; runs across tympanic membrane and piggy backs on V3
Chorda tympani
99
Damage to the facial nerve as it exits stylomastoid foramen
Bell’s palsy
100
What are the signs of Bell’s palsy?
Sagging eyelid, drooping mouth, paralysis of muscles of facial expression
101
If one hypoglossal nerve is damaged, the tongue deviates to which side?
Tongue deviates toward injured side
102
What would a lesion of the CN XI result in?
Trapezius atrophy; weakness in shrugging, impairment of rotational movements of neck (SCM)
103
Which muscle is responsible for eye opening?
Levator palpebrae superioris
104
Which muscle is responsible for pupil constriction?
Circular muscle
105
Which muscle is responsible for pupil dilation and focusing?
Ciliary muscle
106
What are the symptoms of oculomotor palsy? What nerve is damaged?
Ptosis of superior eye lid Eyeball pointing down and out No pupillary reflex No accommodation
107
Damage to the trochlear nerve causes what?
Double vision and inability to rotate eye inferolaterally
108
Damage to the abducens nerve causes what?
Inability to rotate eye laterally; eye rests medially
109
Which nerve is easily stretch or compressed with increased intercranial pressure?
Abducens — bends sharply over petrosal part of temporal bone
110
Loss of smell
Ansomia
111
What would the symptoms of a lower motor neuron lesion?
``` Flaccid Decreased tone Decreased muscle stretch reflexes Profound muscle atrophy Fasciculations present Sensory disturbances ```
112
What would the symptoms of a upper motor neuron lesion?
``` Spasticity Increased tone Increased muscle stretch reflexes Minimal muscle atrophy Fasciculations present Sensory disturbances ```
113
Transparent mucous membrane
Conjunctiva
114
Covers sclera and contains blood vessels
Bulbar conjunctiva
115
Space bound by palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva
Conjunctival sac
116
Names the structures deep to the eye lid
Orbicularis oculi Superior and inferior tarsi (connective tissue) Tarsal glands (within tarsi; lubricate eyelid
117
Name the path way of tears
Lacrimal gland —> lacrimal duct —>lacrimal canaliculi (corner of eye) —> lacrimal lake —> lacrimal sac —> nasolacrimal duct —> nasal cavity
118
Muscle that elevates the eyelid
Levator palpebrae superioris
119
Action of the superior oblique
Look down and out
120
Action of the inferior oblique
look up and out
121
What are the 3 layers of the eye and what’s in them?
Fibrous: sclera and cornea Vascular: choroid, ciliary body, iris Inner: retina
122
White of the eye; dense layer of connective tissue
Sclera
123
Clear anterior surface of the eye continuous with sclera
Cornea
124
Dense vascular bed of the eye
Choroid
125
Controls contraction of lens
Ciliary body
126
Thin contractile diaphragm with pupil; transmits light
Iris
127
Parasymapthetic muscle of the ciliary body; constricts
Sphincter pupillae muscle
128
Sympathetic muscle of the ciliary body; dilates
Dilator pupillae muscle
129
Posterior part of the retina where light is focused
Ocular fundus
130
Blind spot of the eye
Optic disc
131
The area of most acute vision; many cones
Fovea centralis
132
Yellow spot, surrounds fovea
Macula lutea
133
What is the blood supply to the eyes?
``` Ophthalmic artery (off internal carotid) Central retinal artery (off ophthalmic artery) ```
134
Bones of the middle ear
Malleus, incus, stapes
135
What are the to muscles protecting the tympanic membrane from loudness?
Tensor tympani | Stapedius
136
Connects tympanic cavity to nasopharynx
Pharyngotympanic tube
137
Opens up the pharyngotympanic tube
Levator veli palatini | Tensor veli palatini
138
What 3 nerves contribute to inner ear sensation?
CN V3 - tensor tympani CN VII - stapedius muscle CN IX - tympanic membrane/plexus CN VIII - cochlea and semilunar canals

BUPA Anatomy (13 decks)

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