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Animal Body Systems & Cases > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What are the receiving chambers of the heart

A

The atria

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2
Q

What is the orientation of the heart in the chest

A

Right side is right cranial
Left side is left caudal

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3
Q

What attaches the heart to the sternum

A

The sternopericardial ligament

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4
Q

Which side of the heart has a thinner wall and why

A

The right side
Because it is a lower pressure circuit

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5
Q

How are the fibers of the myocardium arranged

A

Longitudinally, radially and transversely

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6
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus

A

Fibrous tissue that surrounds the valves

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7
Q

Which ventricle pushes blood to the lungs

A

Right ventricle

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8
Q

How much of the cardiac output does the heart receive

A

5%

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9
Q

What beat is palpable

A

The apex beat

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10
Q

What cell type mostly makes up the myocardium

A

Cardiomyocytes

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11
Q

Describe the endocardium

A

Single layer of flattened endothelial cells with a basement membrane

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12
Q

What is the only path for electrical conduction through the annulus fibrosis

A

The AV node

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13
Q

What two structures form the base of the heart

A

The atria and auricles

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14
Q

What ventricle forms the apex of the heart

A

The left ventricle

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15
Q

What are the papillary muscles

A

Insertions for chordae tendineae of the AV valves

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16
Q

The pulmonary trunk emerges to the ___ of the aorta

A

Left

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the foramen ovale

A

Permits blood flow between right and left atria

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the ductus arterious

A

Permits blood flow from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the ductus venosus

A

Allows blood returning from the placenta to bypass the liver

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20
Q

What does the umbilical vein carry

A

Oxygenated blood from the placenta

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21
Q

What generates cardiac action potentials

A

The pacemaker cells of the SA node

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22
Q

What two events lead to the closure of the ductus arteriosis

A

Change in O2 tension & pressure and drop in fetal prostaglandins

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23
Q

What is the role of the AV node in cardiac excitation

A

It signals are delayed which allows the atria to be fully depolarized before ventricular excitation beings

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24
Q

What are the 3 vessel linings of the heart

A

Tunica intima, media and adventitia

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25
Q

What is the sarcolemma

A

The cell membrane of cardiac muscle (includes outer polysaccharide layer)

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26
Q

What is a T-tubule and what do they do

A

The invagination of a cardiac cell membrane - they facilitate transmission of depolarization through the muscle fiber

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27
Q

Where is the sarcoplasmic reticulum located and what is its function

A

Around myofibrils (cylindrical arrangements of contractile proteins)
It stores/releases Ca ions

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28
Q

What is an adherence junction

A

Attachment of sarcomere via actin to cell membrane

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29
Q

What is a desmosome

A

A strong intracellular connection

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30
Q

What is a gap junction

A

It permits the spread of contractions from cell to cell

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31
Q

What are purkinje cells and what are their primary function

A

They are specialized cardiomyocytes with few contractile proteins
Their main function is CONDUCTION

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32
Q

What are the four major protein types of a sarcomere

A
  1. Actin
  2. Tropomyosin
  3. Troponin
  4. Myosin
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33
Q

What are the two primary contractile proteins of a sarcomere

A

Actin and myosin

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34
Q

What is the Z disc

A

Marks the boundaries of each sarcomere

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35
Q

What is the I band

A

Thin filaments spanning the z disc (light)

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36
Q

What is the a band

A

Dark bands where thick and thin filaments over lap

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37
Q

What is the H zone

A

Center of sarcomere - thick filaments only

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38
Q

What is diastole and when does it start

A

The heart filling with blood
It starts with ventricular relaxation

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39
Q

At what cardiac phase do the atria contract

A

During late diastolic filling (squeezes blood into an already almost full ventricle)

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40
Q

What phase of the cardiac cycle do we hear the S3 and S4 heart sound in horses

A

Early diastolic filling (S3) and late diastolic filling (S4)

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41
Q

What phase of the cardiac cycle makes the P wave

A

Atrial contraction

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42
Q

What is systole

A

The contraction of the ventricle

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43
Q

What is the isovolumic contraction phase of systole

A

When the ventricle is contracting but the semilunar and AV valves are shut

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44
Q

What is the ejection phase of systole

A

When semilunar and AV valves open as the ventricle contracts and blood enters the great vessel

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45
Q

What makes the S1 sound

A

The AV valves snapping shut at the start of ventricular contraction

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46
Q

What makes the S2 sound

A

The semilunar valves snapping shut after ventricular contraction (start of diastole/ventricular relaxation)

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47
Q

Atrial systole is part of…

A

Cardiac diastole

48
Q

What is the stroke volume

A

The volume of blood ejected from one ventricle during systole

49
Q

Cardiac output =

A

Stroke volume x Heart rate

50
Q

Stroke volume =

A

End diastolic volume - end systolic volume

51
Q

The ECG represents what?

A

The summation of all action potentials in the heart over time

52
Q

The P wave represents __

A

Atrial depolarization

53
Q

The QRS complex represents __

A

Ventricular depolarization

54
Q

The T wave represents __

A

Ventricular repolarization

55
Q

Explain atrioventricular synchrony

A

The ventricles will only contract if an impulse has travelled through the AV node, once the atria have depolarized and emptied as much as possible into the ventricle

56
Q

Why does the SA node fire spontaneously?

A

Because of the rhythmic inflow of calcium ions and outflow of potassium ions

57
Q

Why do AV, purkinje, and myocardial cells not depolarize spontaneously even though they can?

A

Because the SA node makes them do it faster than their inherent rhythm

58
Q

Explain excitation-contraction coupling in the heart

A

When a myocardial cell depolarizes, it will cause an influx of Ca ions that triggers the release of more Ca that will bind to troponin C and initiate contraction

59
Q

What affect do sympathetic nerve fibers have on heart rate

A

They increase it by increasing the inflow of calcium to cause more depolarizations

60
Q

What are the chemical effectors of sympathetic control to the heart

A

Noradrenaline and adrenaline

61
Q

What affect do parasympathetic nerve fibers have on heart rate

A

They decrease it because it decreases the inflow of calcium and funny currents and increasing the flow of potassium, causing slower/less depolarization

62
Q

What are the chemical effectors of the parasympathetic control to the heart

A

Acetylcholine (closes Ca channels and opens K channels)

63
Q

What does noradrenaline bind to

A

B1- receptors

64
Q

What does Ach bind to

A

M2 receptors

65
Q

What happens to calcium after the ventricles contract and are repolarizing

A

Calcium detaches from troponin C and is pumped back into the SR by the ATPase pump SERCA

66
Q

What are the 4 major determinants of cardiac output

A
  1. Contractility
  2. Preload
  3. Afterload
  4. Compliance
67
Q

Define the frank starling mechanism

A

The more filling (preload), the higher the end diastolic volume AND is energy independent

68
Q

Which form of vasculature have the thickest walls and why

A

Arterioles because they provide vascular resistance and direct blood flow

69
Q

Which form of vasculature have the thinnest walls and why

A

Capillaries to allow for exchange

70
Q

Upstream of the arterioles blood pressure is ___

A

High

71
Q

Which valves maintain diastolic blood pressure in the aorta and pulmonary arteries

A

Semi-lunar

72
Q

Why is the velocity of blood flow slow across capillaries

A

To allow more time for diffusion

73
Q

What is a key difference between conducting arteries and muscular arteries

A

Conducting arteries have more elastin and muscular arteries have less

74
Q

Which form of vasculature contributes the most to blood pressure and how

A

Arterioles
They can change their diameter to regulate which tissues are perfused

75
Q

What is Poiseuille’s law and what does it mean

A

R = 1/r^4
It means that a small reduction in radius leads to a huge increase in resistance

76
Q

What sympathetic mediator induces arterioconstriction and what does it bind to

A

Noradrenaline
Alpha-1 receptors

77
Q

What sympathetic mediator induces arteriodilation and what does it bind to

A

Adrenaline
Beta-2 receptors

78
Q

Where can you find fenestrated capillaries

A
  1. Renal glomeruli
  2. Endocrine organs
  3. Intestinal cells
    (where lots of exchange is required)
79
Q

Where are sinusoidal capillaries found

A
  1. Spleen
  2. Liver
    (where the most exchange happens)
80
Q

At the arteriole end of capillaries there is net ___, and at the venule end there is net ___

A

Filtration (fluid moving out)
Reabsorption (fluid moving in)

81
Q

What regulates blood flow into individual capillaries and what do they do

A

Pericytes - mesenchymal cells that squeeze endothelial cells to increase capillary resistance and prevent capillary flow

82
Q

Explain AV shunting

A

If capillary resistance is too high, blood will flow through metarterioles directly into venules

83
Q

The contraction of ___ propels blood through veins

A

The tunica media

84
Q

What prevents the back flow of blood in veins

A

Valves formed from folds of the tunica intima

85
Q

What is the formula for blood pressure

A

BP = CO x R

86
Q

During systole, BP is ___

A

High

87
Q

During diastole, BP is ___

A

Lower

88
Q

Name 2 instances in which pulse pressure is increased

A

Patent ductus arteriosus
Aortic valve insufficiency

89
Q

Arteriole diameter is controlled by ___

A

Alpha-1 and beta-2 receptors of the sympathetic nervous system

90
Q

What are sinuses

A

Specialized veins in areas with very low pressure, like the brain, that return blood back to the heart

91
Q

A __ diastolic pressure is required to pump blood to various organs

A

High

92
Q

Define pulse

A

a pressure wave created by the difference in the systolic and diastolic pressure

93
Q

What are the two principle levels of cardiovascular control

A
  1. Neurohumoral/central/systemic
  2. Local tissue
94
Q

Which nerve is the parasympathetic nerve of the cardiovascular system

A

The vagus nerve

95
Q

Heart rate increases when vagal tone is ___

A

Reduced

96
Q

When is sinus arrhythmia markedly noticeable vs absent?

A

In respiratory disease
Absent in cardiac disease

97
Q

What are baroreceptors

A

Mechanoreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch

98
Q

Which nerve(s) relays baroreceptor impulses to the brain

A

Glossopharyngeal (CNIX) and Vagus (CNX)

99
Q

How is plasma volume regulated intrinsically?

A

By pressure natriuresis (if your blood pressure goes up you will produce more urine)

100
Q

How is plasma volume regulated extrinsically

A

Neurohormones (RAAS, ADH, and ANP/BNP)

101
Q

Define the myogenic response

A

Distension of vessels will increase the frequency of spontaneous APs in vascular smooth muscle and cause it to constrict

102
Q

By-products of metabolism can cause __

A

Vasodilation

103
Q

Alveolar hypoxia results in ___

A

Vasoconstriction (blood is shunted away from the poorly ventilated areas)

104
Q

Where is the vasomotor center found in the brain

A

The medulla oblongata

105
Q

In order for hypertension to exist, there must be __

A

A deficiency in pressure natriuresis

106
Q

Define shock

A

When tissue perfusion & oxygen delivery are insufficient to meet metabolic demands of tissues

107
Q

What are 3 causes of tissue hypoperfusion (types of shock)

A
  1. Not enough blood
  2. Blood not being pumped efficiently
  3. Blood not going to the right place (inappropriate vasodilation or obstruction)
108
Q

Define hypovolemic shock

A

Loss of circulating volume

109
Q

List 4 causes of hypovolemic shock

A
  1. Hemorrhage
  2. Vomiting/diarrhea
  3. Burns
  4. Severe dehydration
110
Q

Define distributive shock

A

When there is a maldistribution of blood/blood is not going to the right place

111
Q

List 2 causes of distributive shock

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Obstruction
112
Q

Define cardiogenic shock

A

Failure of the heart to pump effectively

113
Q

What are two less common types of shock

A
  1. Metabolic
  2. Hypoxemic
114
Q

What are the two responses of the sympathetic nervous system to hypovolemic shock

A
  1. Activation of alpha-adrenergic receptors
  2. Activation of beta1-adrenergic receptors
115
Q

What is different about cats and hypovolemic shock

A

Cats lack an appropriate compensatory response so they only develop mild tachycardia or develop bradycardia

116
Q

Define compensatory shock

A

Compensatory mechanisms are activated to maintain blood flow to organs

117
Q

What are two neurohormonal responses to shock

A
  1. Activation of RAAS
  2. Release of vasopressin

Animal Body Systems & Cases (10 decks)

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