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Animal Body Systems & Cases > Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 gated ion channels

A
  1. Ligand (chemically) gated
  2. Voltage gated
  3. Mechanically gated
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2
Q

Give an example of a active transport pump

A

Sodium/potassium pump (3 Na for every 2 K, each cycle consumes 1 ATP)

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3
Q

What is a major ion in intracellular fluid

A

K (potassium)

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4
Q

Define membrane potential

A

Difference in electrical potential between the cytosol and extracellular fluid

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5
Q

Define equilibrium potential

A

There is an equal movement of that specific ion in both directions

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6
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron

A

-70mV (high permeability to K and low permeability to Na)

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7
Q

Name two types of excitable cells

A

Neurons and muscle cells

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8
Q

Define action potential

A

Rapid and brief reversal of the cell membrane potential that propagates quickly along cell membranes of excitable tissues

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9
Q

Define the ‘all or nothing principle’

A

If the stimulus is strong enough to start an action potential, the shape of each action potential is independent of the strength of the stimulus

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10
Q

What is meant by stimulus

A

A variable stimuli (mechanical, chemical or electrical) that causes the opening of Na+ gated channels

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11
Q

Define refractory period and its two phases

A

Period during which a new action potential cannot be generated
1. Absolute
2. Relative

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12
Q

Action potential travels ___ from stimulus

A

Away

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13
Q

What are two factors influencing conduction speed

A
  1. Axonal diameter
  2. Myelination
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14
Q

What are the node of ranvier

A

1-2um gaps in the myelin sheath where voltage gated channels are concentrated (crucial for action potential propagation)

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15
Q

What is the result of hypokalaemia

A

Cells are hyperpolarized (less K+ inside the cell) causing cells to become less excitable and muscle weakness

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16
Q

What is the action of lidocane

A

It blocks voltage gated Na+ channels and thus prevents the conduction of action potentials

17
Q

Define synapse

A

The junction between two neurons or between a neuron and a target cell

18
Q

What are the two types of synpases

A
  1. Electrical
  2. Chemical
19
Q

What is the purpose of a gap junction

A

Provides cytoplasmic continuity of 2 neurons for the free movement of ions

20
Q

What is the most frequent type of synapse in the mammalian nervous system

A

Chemical synapse

21
Q

Neurotransmitters can be ___ or ___

A

Excitatory OR inhibitory

22
Q

Define excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP)

A

Transient and local depolarization of the post synaptic cells caused by an excitatory neurotransmitter

23
Q

What is evoked post-synaptic potential

A

A transient change in post-synaptic membrane potential following binding of a neurotransmitter

24
Q

Define inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)

A

Transient and local hyperpolarization of the post-synaptic cell caused by an inhibitory neurotransmitter

25
Q

What are 2 types of neurotransmitter receptors

A
  1. Ionotropic (direct gating)
  2. Metabotropic (indirect gating)
26
Q

What happens when a neurotransmitter binds to a metabotropic receptor

A

It triggers a second messenger cascade to open/close other ion channels (i.e., it activates a G protein)

27
Q

What is the overall effect of ionotropic receptors

A

Classic neurotransmission

28
Q

What is the overall effect of metabotropic receptors

A

Neuromodulation

29
Q

Name 3 neurotransmitters that cause EPSPs and their receptor type

A
  1. Glutamate (ionotropic and metabotropic)
  2. Acetylcholine (ionotropic and metabotropic - can be inhibitory depending on receptor)
  3. Noradrenaline (metabotropic - can be inhibitory depending on receptor)
30
Q

Name 2 neurotransmitters that cause IPSPs and their receptor type

A
  1. GABA (ionotropic and metabotropic)
  2. Glycine (ionotropic)
31
Q

Explain the summation principle

A

Each neuron has about 1000 synaptic inputs, and the summation of all these inputs at the axonal hillock will determine whether and action potential is fired

32
Q

Define a seizure

A

The excessive and synchronous discharge of a group of neurons

33
Q

Define neuromuscular junction

A

Chemical synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber (aka myocyte)

34
Q

What is the difference between the end-plate synaptic region and the extrasynaptic region

A

The end plate region has the ligand-gated channels where the neurotransmitter binds and starts the action potential
The extrasynaptic region is where there are voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels to propagate the action potential and cause muscle contraction

35
Q

What is the one transmitter at the neuromuscular junction

A

Ach

36
Q

Define the stretch reflex

A

Contraction of a muscle in response to its stretching

Animal Body Systems & Cases (10 decks)

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