Respiratory System Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
What are the 4 structures of the upper airway
A
- Nasal passages
- Oro-pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
2
Q
What are the chona
A
Opening into the pharynx
3
Q
What is the nasal meatus
A
A major air passage in the nasal cavity
4
Q
What can you pass a scope through the nose of a horse but not a dog or cat
A
The cartilage in the nose of the dog and cat causes the tube to twist
5
Q
What is the main source of airway resistance and functions to co-ordinate swallowing and breathing
A
The larynx
6
Q
Define trachea (and how many in the dog)
A
A series of incomplete cartilage rings connected by a distensible dorsal membrane
42-46 in the dog
7
Q
In what breeds do we see tracheal hypoplasia
A
Brachycephalic
8
Q
What type of epithelium is found in the upper airways
A
Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
9
Q
What are the structures of the lower airway
A
- Carine (where bronchi divide)
- Mainstem bronchi
- Lobar bronchi
- Distal airways
10
Q
What type of epithelium is found in the bronchi/lower airways
A
Ciliated columnar epithelium
11
Q
On what side of the lower airway do we most commonly see foreign bodies
A
The right side
12
Q
Which animal does NOT have 4 right lung lobes
A
The horse
13
Q
What are the structures of the lung parenchyma
A
- Bronchi
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveoli (air spaces)
- Alveolar walls
14
Q
At what level of the respiratory tract are there no cough receptors
A
At the level of respiratory bronchioles/alveoli
15
Q
What type of epithelium is found in the bronchioles
A
Cuboidal epithelium
16
Q
How many lobes on the right lung
A
4
17
Q
How many lobes on the left lung
A
2
18
Q
In what species does the right cranial bronchus arise directly from the treacha
A
Ox, pig and sheep
19
Q
What is the site of gas exchange
A
Alveolus
20
Q
What are 3 functions of surfactant
A
- Decreases surface tension & prevents alveolar collapse
- Reduces fluid accumulation in the alveoli
- Facilitates gas transport
21
Q
What produces surfactant
A
Type II alveolar pneumocyte
22
Q
What is LaPlace’s Law
A
P = 2T/r
23
Q
LaPlace’s Law: at a constant surface tension, small alveoli will generate ___ pressures within them then large alveoli
A
Bigger
24
Q
LaPlace’s Law: at reduced surface tension, you need ___ pressure to open alveoli and ___ chance of them collapsing during expiration
A
Less
25
What happens to surfactant during pneumonia and why
Alveolar epithelium are damaged thus reducing surfactant production
26
Which artery supplies minimal blood and nutrients to the lungs
Bronchial artery and vein
27
The external intercostal muscles are involved in...
Inspiration
28
The internal intercostal muscles are involved in...
Expiration
29
Where does the right cranial bronchus arise from
Right main stem bronchus
30
What may explain the dog's high capacity for aerobic exercise
Collateral ventilation between lung areas at the bronchiolar-alveolar channels and inter-alveolar pores (from minimal septation of the lungs)
31
Define tidal volume
Amount taken in during each breath
32
Define expiratory reserve volume
Maximal expiration (horses exhale this)
33
Residual volume
What cannot be expired no matter how much effort is put in
34
Functional residual capacity
What is left at the end of each breath
35
Define inspiratory reserve volume
Additional volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled following a normal inspiration
36
Define dead space
Portion of the tidal volume (Vt) not contributing the gas exchange
37
What is physiological dead space
The sum of anatomical dead space (in the conductive airways) and alveolar dead space
38
Define minute volume
The amount of gas inspired or expired per minute
39
Define alveolar ventilation and how you calculate it
The volume of fresh air that reaches the alveoli each minute
It is calculated by subtracting the dead space from the minute volume and x flow rate
40
Define inspiratory capacity
Total volume that can be inspired after normal expiration
41
Define vital capacity
Maximal volume of air that can be forcible exhaled after maximal inspiration
42
Define total lung capacity
Amount of air in the lung after a maximal inspiration
43
Define anatomical dead space
Volume of gas in the conductive airways
44
Define alveolar dead space
The amount of gas contained in ventilated but un-perfused alveoli
45
Define alveolar ventilation
The volume of fresh air that reaches the alveoli each minute
46
Define resistance
The pressure required to cause flow (produced by the airways, lungs, body wall and tissues)
47
What are 3 types of resistance
Laminar
Turbulent
Transitional
48
Resistance is __ at low lung volumes
High
49
Define compliance
How much pressure it takes to change the volume of the lungs
50
Define lung elastance
The tendency of the lung to return to its resting size once peak inspiration has been achieved
51
What are the two factors affecting alveolar gas composition
1. Alveolar ventilation
2. Alveolar perfusion
52
List 2 ways in which oxygen is transported by the blood
1. Bound to hemoglobin
2. Dissolved
53
What is hypoxemic hypoxia
Low PaO2
54
What is anemic hypoxia
Low O2 carrying capacity of RBCs
55
What is stagnant hypoxia
Circulatory failure
56
What is cytotoxic hypoxia
Mitochondria failing to use O2
57
Prolonged hypercapnia can cause __
Respiratory acidosis
58
Prolonged hypocapnia can cause __
Respiratory alkalosis
59
Shunt is when V/Q is __
Less than one
Perfusion is fine but ventilation is poor
60
Dead space is when V/Q is __
V/Q is greater than one
Ventilation without perfusion
61
As H+ increases, pH ___
Decreases
62
What is hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
A compensatory mechanism that shunts blood away from poorly ventilated areas (decrease perfusion) to try and increase the V/Q ratio
63
What is the respiratory control center of the brain
Medulla oblongata
64
What do the central chemoreceptors sense
pH changes
65
What do peripheral chemoreceptors sense
pH, CO2 and O2 changes dissolved in the blood
66
What is the hering-breuer reflex
It involves the lung stretch receptors - when the lung is over inflated it stimulates the vagus nerve to decrease the depth of inspiration and correct it
67
What is the O2 requirement of a horse during racing
50-80L/min
68
Which 2 airways cause the largest resistance to flow
Nostrils & larynx
69
What are the paranasal sinuses
Air filled cavities in the skull lined with respiratory ciliated mucosa
70
What are two types of infection that can cause sinusitis
Respiratory disease or dental disease
71
How many pairs of sinuses in the horse
7 pairs
72
What is primary sinusitis caused by
Poor drainage
73
What is secondary sinusitis caused by
Dental infection (of caudal cheek teeth), cysts, tumors, trauma
74
What are guttural pouches
Paired mucosa lined air-filled outpouchings of auditory tubes
75
Why can disease of the guttural pouches in horses cause neurological symptoms
Because a lot of important cranial nerves lie in the pouch
(CN IX, X, XI, XII)
76
What is horners syndrome
Loss of sympathetic tone to the eyelid
77
What divides the nasopharynx from the oropharynx in the horse
The soft palate
78
What is DDSP in the horse
When the soft palate becomes dislodged from under the epiglottis it obstructs the larynx
79
What muscle pulls the arytenoid cartilage laterally to open the larynx
Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
80
What is a common sign of LRT disease in horses
Coughing
81
What is the resting HR in the horse
32-42 bpm
82
What is a common cardiac cause of poor exercise performance in the horse
Atrial fibrillation (can be predisposed because of a large heart - heart size increases with exercise)
83
Is the bovine lung highly segmented: yes or no
Yes
84
Which meatus of the nasal cavity is used for nasogastric intubation
The ventral
85
What are the two sinuses of clinical interest in the cow
Caudal frontal and maxillary
86
What sinus do you aim to pass through in humane slaughter
The shallowest part of the caudal frontal sinus
87
What lymph node can compress the pharynx and larynx if enlarged in the cow
Medial retropharyngeal
88
Which muscles limit the area of lung accessible for auscultation in the cow
Longissimus and iliocostalis
89
Where would you do a thoracocentesis in the cow
The 5th intercostal space dorsal to the costochondral junction
90
What are 5 things that make the bovine lung more susceptible to infection
1. Small lung capacity
2. Higher resting oxygen demands
3. Little reserve capacity
4. Highly segmented (lacks colateral ventilation)
5. Inefficient immune response
91
What is the resp rate in cattle
15-35/min
92
What valves are on the left of the heart in the cow
Pulmonary, aortic, and mitral
93
What valves are on the right of the heart in the cow
Tricuspid
94
What sounds of the heart do you hear when you auscultate under the left elbow
Mitral sounds
95
How much of the heart lies on the left in the cow
60%
96
What is trauma reticulitis and what can is cause secondarily
When foreign bodies penetrate the reticulum
They can then cause abdominal and liver abscessation or penetration of the diaphragm causing traumatic pericarditis
97
Describe the cupula pleurae
The right pleura cavity and cranial lobe extend into the neck and across the midline to the left
98
What comes off the infraorbital sinuses in birds
Cervicocephalic air sac
99
What is the syrinx
Responsible for sound production in birds made of tympanum (modified tracheal cartilage)
100
Name the air sacs in the avian respiration system
1. Cervical air sac (cranial)
2. Interclavicular air sac (cranial)
3. Abdominal air sac (caudal)
4. Cranial and caudal thoracic air sac
101
What is the function of the parabronchi
To allow air flow to occur continuously
102
What is found between the parabronchi
Air capillaries in which oxygen and CO2 filter in and out
103
Air and blood in the capillaries travel ___ to each other
At right angles
104
What do birds not have in their lungs that mammals do?
Pulmonary stretch receptors
105
In which reptiles is airflow separated from the oral cavity with a hard palate
Chelonian (and some lizards)
106
In which reptile does the trachea open directly to the lungs
The snake
107
Which reptile has a short trachea
Chelonia
108
What is the respiratory cavity called in reptiles
Coelomic cavity
109
In reptiles, higher temperature __ demand for O2
Increases
110
What are the 3 orders of amphibians
1. Anura (frogs & toads)
2. Caudata (salamanders)
3. Gymnophiona (caecilians)
111
What us a unique feature of axolotl's
They have feathery external gills
112
List 3 ways respiration can occur in frogs
Skin (when O2 is low)
Mucosal lining of oral cavity
Lungs
113
With increased water temperature there is __ oxygen content
Decreased
114
With decreased solutes there is __ oxygen content
Increased
115
In the fish, the ventral aorta collects ___ and the dorsal aorta collects __
Ventral: deoxygenated blood
Dorsal: oxygenated blood
116
What forces oxygen into the swim bladder
Lactic acid
