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Animal Body Systems & Cases > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 structures of the upper airway

A
  1. Nasal passages
  2. Oro-pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
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2
Q

What are the chona

A

Opening into the pharynx

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3
Q

What is the nasal meatus

A

A major air passage in the nasal cavity

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4
Q

What can you pass a scope through the nose of a horse but not a dog or cat

A

The cartilage in the nose of the dog and cat causes the tube to twist

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5
Q

What is the main source of airway resistance and functions to co-ordinate swallowing and breathing

A

The larynx

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6
Q

Define trachea (and how many in the dog)

A

A series of incomplete cartilage rings connected by a distensible dorsal membrane
42-46 in the dog

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7
Q

In what breeds do we see tracheal hypoplasia

A

Brachycephalic

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8
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the upper airways

A

Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

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9
Q

What are the structures of the lower airway

A
  1. Carine (where bronchi divide)
  2. Mainstem bronchi
  3. Lobar bronchi
  4. Distal airways
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10
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the bronchi/lower airways

A

Ciliated columnar epithelium

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11
Q

On what side of the lower airway do we most commonly see foreign bodies

A

The right side

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12
Q

Which animal does NOT have 4 right lung lobes

A

The horse

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13
Q

What are the structures of the lung parenchyma

A
  1. Bronchi
  2. Respiratory bronchioles
  3. Alveoli (air spaces)
  4. Alveolar walls
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14
Q

At what level of the respiratory tract are there no cough receptors

A

At the level of respiratory bronchioles/alveoli

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15
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the bronchioles

A

Cuboidal epithelium

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16
Q

How many lobes on the right lung

A

4

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17
Q

How many lobes on the left lung

A

2

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18
Q

In what species does the right cranial bronchus arise directly from the treacha

A

Ox, pig and sheep

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19
Q

What is the site of gas exchange

A

Alveolus

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20
Q

What are 3 functions of surfactant

A
  1. Decreases surface tension & prevents alveolar collapse
  2. Reduces fluid accumulation in the alveoli
  3. Facilitates gas transport
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21
Q

What produces surfactant

A

Type II alveolar pneumocyte

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22
Q

What is LaPlace’s Law

A

P = 2T/r

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23
Q

LaPlace’s Law: at a constant surface tension, small alveoli will generate ___ pressures within them then large alveoli

A

Bigger

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24
Q

LaPlace’s Law: at reduced surface tension, you need ___ pressure to open alveoli and ___ chance of them collapsing during expiration

A

Less

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25
Q

What happens to surfactant during pneumonia and why

A

Alveolar epithelium are damaged thus reducing surfactant production

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26
Q

Which artery supplies minimal blood and nutrients to the lungs

A

Bronchial artery and vein

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27
Q

The external intercostal muscles are involved in…

A

Inspiration

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28
Q

The internal intercostal muscles are involved in…

A

Expiration

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29
Q

Where does the right cranial bronchus arise from

A

Right main stem bronchus

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30
Q

What may explain the dog’s high capacity for aerobic exercise

A

Collateral ventilation between lung areas at the bronchiolar-alveolar channels and inter-alveolar pores (from minimal septation of the lungs)

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31
Q

Define tidal volume

A

Amount taken in during each breath

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32
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume

A

Maximal expiration (horses exhale this)

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33
Q

Residual volume

A

What cannot be expired no matter how much effort is put in

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34
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

What is left at the end of each breath

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35
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume

A

Additional volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled following a normal inspiration

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36
Q

Define dead space

A

Portion of the tidal volume (Vt) not contributing the gas exchange

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37
Q

What is physiological dead space

A

The sum of anatomical dead space (in the conductive airways) and alveolar dead space

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38
Q

Define minute volume

A

The amount of gas inspired or expired per minute

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39
Q

Define alveolar ventilation and how you calculate it

A

The volume of fresh air that reaches the alveoli each minute
It is calculated by subtracting the dead space from the minute volume and x flow rate

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40
Q

Define inspiratory capacity

A

Total volume that can be inspired after normal expiration

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41
Q

Define vital capacity

A

Maximal volume of air that can be forcible exhaled after maximal inspiration

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42
Q

Define total lung capacity

A

Amount of air in the lung after a maximal inspiration

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43
Q

Define anatomical dead space

A

Volume of gas in the conductive airways

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44
Q

Define alveolar dead space

A

The amount of gas contained in ventilated but un-perfused alveoli

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45
Q

Define alveolar ventilation

A

The volume of fresh air that reaches the alveoli each minute

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46
Q

Define resistance

A

The pressure required to cause flow (produced by the airways, lungs, body wall and tissues)

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47
Q

What are 3 types of resistance

A

Laminar
Turbulent
Transitional

48
Q

Resistance is __ at low lung volumes

A

High

49
Q

Define compliance

A

How much pressure it takes to change the volume of the lungs

50
Q

Define lung elastance

A

The tendency of the lung to return to its resting size once peak inspiration has been achieved

51
Q

What are the two factors affecting alveolar gas composition

A
  1. Alveolar ventilation
  2. Alveolar perfusion
52
Q

List 2 ways in which oxygen is transported by the blood

A
  1. Bound to hemoglobin
  2. Dissolved
53
Q

What is hypoxemic hypoxia

A

Low PaO2

54
Q

What is anemic hypoxia

A

Low O2 carrying capacity of RBCs

55
Q

What is stagnant hypoxia

A

Circulatory failure

56
Q

What is cytotoxic hypoxia

A

Mitochondria failing to use O2

57
Q

Prolonged hypercapnia can cause __

A

Respiratory acidosis

58
Q

Prolonged hypocapnia can cause __

A

Respiratory alkalosis

59
Q

Shunt is when V/Q is __

A

Less than one
Perfusion is fine but ventilation is poor

60
Q

Dead space is when V/Q is __

A

V/Q is greater than one
Ventilation without perfusion

61
Q

As H+ increases, pH ___

A

Decreases

62
Q

What is hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

A

A compensatory mechanism that shunts blood away from poorly ventilated areas (decrease perfusion) to try and increase the V/Q ratio

63
Q

What is the respiratory control center of the brain

A

Medulla oblongata

64
Q

What do the central chemoreceptors sense

A

pH changes

65
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors sense

A

pH, CO2 and O2 changes dissolved in the blood

66
Q

What is the hering-breuer reflex

A

It involves the lung stretch receptors - when the lung is over inflated it stimulates the vagus nerve to decrease the depth of inspiration and correct it

67
Q

What is the O2 requirement of a horse during racing

A

50-80L/min

68
Q

Which 2 airways cause the largest resistance to flow

A

Nostrils & larynx

69
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses

A

Air filled cavities in the skull lined with respiratory ciliated mucosa

70
Q

What are two types of infection that can cause sinusitis

A

Respiratory disease or dental disease

71
Q

How many pairs of sinuses in the horse

A

7 pairs

72
Q

What is primary sinusitis caused by

A

Poor drainage

73
Q

What is secondary sinusitis caused by

A

Dental infection (of caudal cheek teeth), cysts, tumors, trauma

74
Q

What are guttural pouches

A

Paired mucosa lined air-filled outpouchings of auditory tubes

75
Q

Why can disease of the guttural pouches in horses cause neurological symptoms

A

Because a lot of important cranial nerves lie in the pouch
(CN IX, X, XI, XII)

76
Q

What is horners syndrome

A

Loss of sympathetic tone to the eyelid

77
Q

What divides the nasopharynx from the oropharynx in the horse

A

The soft palate

78
Q

What is DDSP in the horse

A

When the soft palate becomes dislodged from under the epiglottis it obstructs the larynx

79
Q

What muscle pulls the arytenoid cartilage laterally to open the larynx

A

Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis

80
Q

What is a common sign of LRT disease in horses

A

Coughing

81
Q

What is the resting HR in the horse

A

32-42 bpm

82
Q

What is a common cardiac cause of poor exercise performance in the horse

A

Atrial fibrillation (can be predisposed because of a large heart - heart size increases with exercise)

83
Q

Is the bovine lung highly segmented: yes or no

A

Yes

84
Q

Which meatus of the nasal cavity is used for nasogastric intubation

A

The ventral

85
Q

What are the two sinuses of clinical interest in the cow

A

Caudal frontal and maxillary

86
Q

What sinus do you aim to pass through in humane slaughter

A

The shallowest part of the caudal frontal sinus

87
Q

What lymph node can compress the pharynx and larynx if enlarged in the cow

A

Medial retropharyngeal

88
Q

Which muscles limit the area of lung accessible for auscultation in the cow

A

Longissimus and iliocostalis

89
Q

Where would you do a thoracocentesis in the cow

A

The 5th intercostal space dorsal to the costochondral junction

90
Q

What are 5 things that make the bovine lung more susceptible to infection

A
  1. Small lung capacity
  2. Higher resting oxygen demands
  3. Little reserve capacity
  4. Highly segmented (lacks colateral ventilation)
  5. Inefficient immune response
91
Q

What is the resp rate in cattle

A

15-35/min

92
Q

What valves are on the left of the heart in the cow

A

Pulmonary, aortic, and mitral

93
Q

What valves are on the right of the heart in the cow

A

Tricuspid

94
Q

What sounds of the heart do you hear when you auscultate under the left elbow

A

Mitral sounds

95
Q

How much of the heart lies on the left in the cow

A

60%

96
Q

What is trauma reticulitis and what can is cause secondarily

A

When foreign bodies penetrate the reticulum
They can then cause abdominal and liver abscessation or penetration of the diaphragm causing traumatic pericarditis

97
Q

Describe the cupula pleurae

A

The right pleura cavity and cranial lobe extend into the neck and across the midline to the left

98
Q

What comes off the infraorbital sinuses in birds

A

Cervicocephalic air sac

99
Q

What is the syrinx

A

Responsible for sound production in birds made of tympanum (modified tracheal cartilage)

100
Q

Name the air sacs in the avian respiration system

A
  1. Cervical air sac (cranial)
  2. Interclavicular air sac (cranial)
  3. Abdominal air sac (caudal)
  4. Cranial and caudal thoracic air sac
101
Q

What is the function of the parabronchi

A

To allow air flow to occur continuously

102
Q

What is found between the parabronchi

A

Air capillaries in which oxygen and CO2 filter in and out

103
Q

Air and blood in the capillaries travel ___ to each other

A

At right angles

104
Q

What do birds not have in their lungs that mammals do?

A

Pulmonary stretch receptors

105
Q

In which reptiles is airflow separated from the oral cavity with a hard palate

A

Chelonian (and some lizards)

106
Q

In which reptile does the trachea open directly to the lungs

A

The snake

107
Q

Which reptile has a short trachea

A

Chelonia

108
Q

What is the respiratory cavity called in reptiles

A

Coelomic cavity

109
Q

In reptiles, higher temperature __ demand for O2

A

Increases

110
Q

What are the 3 orders of amphibians

A
  1. Anura (frogs & toads)
  2. Caudata (salamanders)
  3. Gymnophiona (caecilians)
111
Q

What us a unique feature of axolotl’s

A

They have feathery external gills

112
Q

List 3 ways respiration can occur in frogs

A

Skin (when O2 is low)
Mucosal lining of oral cavity
Lungs

113
Q

With increased water temperature there is __ oxygen content

A

Decreased

114
Q

With decreased solutes there is __ oxygen content

A

Increased

115
Q

In the fish, the ventral aorta collects ___ and the dorsal aorta collects __

A

Ventral: deoxygenated blood
Dorsal: oxygenated blood

116
Q

What forces oxygen into the swim bladder

A

Lactic acid

Animal Body Systems & Cases (10 decks)

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