cardiovascular Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
a single contraction of the heart
A
heartbeat
2
Q
Create and propagate electrical
signals; “pacemaker cell”
A
specialized conducting cells
3
Q
99% of all cardiocytes, Perform contractions
Cardiac Muscle and the Heartbeat
A
contractile cells
4
Q
Allows the heart to maintain a regular rhythm
A
cardiac conduction system
5
Q
“pacemaker” electrical sygnal that causes heartbeat originates within heart
A
myogenic
6
Q
regular, spontaneous, depolarization
A
autorhythmic
7
Q
modify heart beat
A
extrinsic nerves
8
Q
cardiac nerves, directly to ventricular myocardium, spinal cord to cardiac nerves
A
sympathetic nerves
9
Q
vagus nerve, slows heart rate to 70-80bpm
A
parasympathetic nerves
10
Q
right vagal nerve to SA node, left vagal nerve to AV node
A
parasympathetic nerves
11
Q
initiates heartbeat, sets heart rate
A
SA node
12
Q
receives signals from SA, electrical gateway to ventricles
A
AV node
13
Q
pathway for signals from AV node
A
AV bundle
14
Q
divisions of AV bundle that enter inter ventricular septum
A
Bundle branches
15
Q
spread signals throughout ventricles
A
purkinje fibers
16
Q
travels at 1m/ sec through atria; reaches AV node
A
SA node
17
Q
slows signals to 0.05 m/sec
A
AV node
18
Q
-90 mv
A
resting potential
19
Q
electrical signal causes NA+ to enter cardiocyte, voltage becomes more positive
A
depolarization
20
Q
+30 mV
A
voltage peak
21
Q
causes a more sustained, longer contraction in heart muscle, allows heart to fully expel blood
A
plateau phase
22
Q
k+ exits cell, voltage becomes more negative
A
depolarization
23
Q
cause contraction of heart, stimulated by electrical signals from conduction system, different from AP’s in skeletal muscle
A
action potential in cardiocytes
24
Q
heart contraction
A
systole
25
heart relaxation
diastole
26
abnormally slow heart rate
bradycardia
27
abnormally fast heart rate
tachycardia
28
abnormal cardiac rhythm due to heart block, bundle block or total blockage
arrhythmia
29
caused by hypoxia, electrolyte imbalance, stimulants, stress
premature ventricular contraction
30
region of spontaneous firing
ectopic foci
31
measures electrical activity of the heart
ECG
32
SA node fires (atrial depolarization)
P wave
33
delay at AV node
PR segment
34
ventricular depolarization, also atrial depolarization but signal is obscured
QRS complex
35
ventricular systole
ST segment
36
ventricular repolarization
T wave
37
from start of atrial depolarization to start of QRS complex
P-R interval
38
from ventricular depolarization to ventricular repolarization
Q-T interval
39
SA node fires; atrial depolarization begins
P wave
40
delay at AV node, allows ventricles to fill with blood
P-R segment
41
beginning of atrial depolarization to beginning of ventricle depolarization
P-R interval
42
ventricular depolarization
QRS wave
43
ventricular systole
S-T segment
44
rapid, fluttering, contractions, no pumping
fibrillation
45
period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next
cardiac cycle
46
pressure of the blood against walls of blood vessels
blood pressure
47
BP rises
systole
48
BP falls
diastole
49
AV valves open, blood flows from a triangle to ventricles (passively fill with blood)
rapid ventricular filling and diastasis
50
contraction of atria, remains blood in atria is ejected into ventricles (active filling)
atrial systole
51
atrial systole ends, pressure in ventricles rise, AV valves close (Lub)
isovolumetric ventricular contraction
52
ventricular systole ends, blood is ejected from ventricles
ventricular ejection
53
valves close (dup)
ventricular relaxation
54
total volume of blood in one ventricle following relaxation
end-diastolic volume (EDV)
55
volume of blood ejected from ventricle
stroke volume (SV)
56
amount of blood remaining in one ventricle flowing ejection
end-systolic volume (ESV)
57
EDV (130) - ESV (60) =?
SV (70 ml)
58
70ml
SV
59
30 ml
passive filling
60
40ml
atrial systole
61
60 ml
ESV
62
listening to heart sounds via stethoscope
auscultation
63
sound caused by closing of the AV valves
S1
64
sounds caused by the closing of the semilunar valves
S2
65
faint sound associated with blood flowing into the ventricles
S3
66
faint sound associated with atrial contraction
S4
67
movement and force generated by cardiac contractions
cardiodynamics
68
volume pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute
cardiac output
69
number of beats per minute
heart rate
70
heart rate X Stroke volume =
cardiac output
71
affects heart rate and stroke volume indirectly
autonomic nervous sytem
72
where do cardiac centers affect heart rate
medulla oblongata
73
change in movement; activity HR rides before metabolic demands arise
proprioceptors
74
monitor blood pressure, aorta and internal carotid arteries
barorecptors
75
pH, CO2, oxygen, aortic arch, carotid arteries and medulla oblongata
chemoreceptors
76
potent cardiac stimulants
neurotransmitters
77
amount of tension in ventricles due to blood entering the heart
preload
78
ventricles eject as. such blood as they receive
frank-starling law
79
how hard the myocardium contracts
inotropy
80
tubes made of connective tissue and smooth muscle that transport blood through the body
blood vessels
81
carry blood away from heart
arteries
82
smallest branches of arteries
arterioles
83
exchange of gases and nutrients b/t blood and tissue
capillaries
84
collect blood from capillaries
venules
85
return blood to heart
veins
86
carries blood from right ventricle to pulmonary circulation
pulmonary trunk/ arteries
87
carries blood from left ventricle to systemic circulation
aorta
88
small, thin, chemical and gases diffuse across walls
capillaries
89
tonica intima, media, externa
layers of arteries and veins
90
endothelium, simple squamous epithelium
tunica intima
91
smooth muscle, constriction and dilation
tunica media
92
loose connective tissue, passageways for nerves and lymph vessels
tunica externa
93
exposed to higher BP, thicker walls, elastic, smaller lumen
arteries
94
valves, thin walls, large lumen, expand easily
veins
95
enlarging of vessel, relaxation of arterial smooth muscle
vasodilation
96
narrowing or vessel, contraction of arterial smooth muscle by ANS
vasoconstriction
97
pulmonary, aorta, carotid, tunica media
conducting arteries
98
femoral, renal, splenic, smooth muscle
distributing arteries
99
a bulge in an arterial wall
aneurysm
100
continuous, fenestrated, discontinuous
3 types of capillaries
101
tight junctions, intercellular clefts, blood cells cannot pass,
continuous capillaries
102
filtration pores in endothelial lining, rapid exchange, kidneys, intestines, choroid plexus
fenestrated capillaries
103
gap between endothelial cells, permit free exchange, liver
sinusoids
104
interconnected network of capillaries
capillary beds
105
metarterioles, arteriovenous anastomoses
capillary beds
106
ring of smooth muscles that controls flow of blood through capillaries
pre-capillary sphincter
107
collect blood from capillary beds
venules
108
contains valves, most have names (brachial, saphenous, radial)
medium veins
109
vena cava, jugular, renal, pulmonary,
large veins
110
blood returning to heart through veins
venous return
111
lower BP, more blood volume and gravity push blood backwards in veins
skeletal muscle pump
112
excess pooling of blood causing stretching of veins
varicose veins
113
relationship between blood volume and blood pressure
capacitance
114
maintenance of capillary blood flow in tissues and organs
hemodynamics
115
amount of blood flowing through a tissue in a given time
blood flow
116
rate of blood flow per given mass of tissue
perfusion
117
specifically, peripheral BP
blood pressure
118
abnormally high BP
hypertension
119
abnormally low BP
hypotension
120
keep blood moving during diastole
arterial walls
121
expansion and recoil maintains steady flow of blood
arterial elasticity
122
histamine, Bradykinin, NO, prostacylin
vasoactive chemicals
123
growth of new vessels
angiogenesis
124
baroreflexes, chemoreflexes, medullary ischemic reflexes
autonomic reflexes
125
pro hormone produced by liver
angiotensinogen
126
released in response to low BP
renin
127
promotes Na+ and water retention
aldosterone
128
movement of gases, nutrients and waste across capillary walls
capillary exchange
129
any state where cardiac output insufficient to meet metabolic needs
circulatory shock
130
inadequate pumping of heart
cardiogenic shock
131
low blood volume (trauma, burns, dehydration)
hypovelmic shock
132
poor circulation, extreme dilation
vascular shock
133
toxins trigger vasodilation and raise capillary permeability
septic shock
134
obstructed venous return (tumor/aneurysm)
low venous return
135
blood to and from the lungs
pulmonary circut
136
blood to and from the rest of the body
systemic circut
137
serous membrane that covers heart
epicardium
138
smooth inner lining of the heart
endocardium
139
attachment for cardiac muscles
myocardium
140
transfer electrical signals between cells
gap junctions
141
hold cells together
desmosomes
142
receive blood returning to the heart
R/L atrium
143
pump blood out of the heart and into arteries
R/L ventricles
144
between right atrium and right ventricle
tricuspid valves
145
between left atrium and left ventricle
bicuspid valve
146
control flow into great arteries
semilunar valves
147
between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
pulmonary semilunar valve
148
between left ventricle and aorta
aortic semilunar valve
149
hardened, even calcified, does not close correctly
stenosis
150
connect AV valves to papillary muscles
chordae tendineae
151
attach chordae tendinaea; prevent prolapse of AV valves
papillary muscles
152
muscular ridges in ventricles
trabeculae carnae
153
muscular ridges in atria
pectinate muscles
154
receives deoxygenated blood from body and heart
right atrium
155
blood from head, neck, upper limbs, chest
superior vena cava
156
blood from trunk, viscera, lower limbs
inferior vena cava
157
blood returns from heart tissue
coronary sinus
158
receives blood from right atrium
right ventricle
159
receives oxygenated blood from lungs
left atrium
160
receives oxygenated blood from left atrium and sends oxygenated blood to aorta
left ventricle
161
sends oxygenated blood through entire body
aorta
162
great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, small cardiac vein
major veins of the heart
163
low supply of nutrients
ischemia
164
low supply of O2
hypoxia
165
cell death
infarct
