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anatomy > exam 3 urinary > Flashcards

exam 3 urinary Flashcards

1
Q

removal of organic wastes from body fluids

A

excretion

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2
Q

discharge of waste products

A

elimination

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3
Q

blood volume/ pressure, electrolytes and solutes, pH balance

A

homeostatic regualtion

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4
Q

organs that eliminate urine

A

ureters, bladder, urethra

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5
Q

produce urine, regulate ion, water, pH and blood levels

A

kidneys

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6
Q

process of eliminating urine

A

micturition

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7
Q

functional units of the kidney

A

nephrons

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8
Q

sits more superior, retroperitoneal

A

left kidney

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9
Q

fibrous outer layer, anchors kidney to abdominal wall

A

renal fascia

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10
Q

layer of adipose tissue, keeps kidney in place

A

adipose capsule

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11
Q

covers outer surfaceof kidney

A

renal capsule

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12
Q

point of entry for renal artery and renal nerves

A

hilum

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13
Q

point of exit for renal vein and ureter

A

hilum

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14
Q

Internal cavity within kidney, Contains blood/lymph
vessels, nerves and adipose tissue

A

renal sinus

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15
Q

Bound to outer surface, Stabilizes positions of ureter, renal blood vessels, and nerves

A

renal capsule

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16
Q

outer, superficial portion of kidney, reddish brown and granular

A

renal cortex

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17
Q

parts of the cortex that extend into the medulla - separate adjacent renal pyramids

A

renal columns

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18
Q

Arranged into Renal pyramids - 6 to 18 distinct triangular structures of the medulla

A

renal medulla

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19
Q

Tips of medullary
pyramids - Project into renal sinus

A

renal papilla

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20
Q

nephron functions

A

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

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21
Q

Long tubular
passageway - Begins at Bowman’s
capsule and ends at
renal papilla

A

renal tubule

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22
Q

what are the two parts of the nephron?

A

renal tubule & renal corpuscle

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23
Q

Ball of capillaries
located in Nephron - Surrounded by Bowman’s Capsule

A

glomerulus

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24
Q

functions of the glomerulus

A

filtration of blood

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25
Q

where does blood enter and exit in the glomerulus?

A

enter- afferent arteriole
exit - efferent arteriole

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26
Q

-double layered structure that surrounds glomerulus

A

Bowmans capsule

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27
Q

Collects filtrate; sends
filtrate through tubules of
nephron

A

capsular space

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28
Q

four parts of the renal tubule

A

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

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29
Q

most proximal portion of tubule, receives filtrate from Bowmans capsule, simple cuboidal epithelium microvilli,

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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30
Q

U-shaped portion of the
tubule; Found primarily
in the medulla

A

loop of henle

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31
Q

Coiled tube immediately following
loop of Henle, Simple cuboidal lacking microvilli

A

distal convoluted tubule

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32
Q

Selective removal of
water and small solutes
from blood

A

filtration

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33
Q

Water, electrolytes,
vitamins, nitrogenous
wastes, glucose and
other nutrients

A

contents of filtrate

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34
Q

Blood cells, large
proteins and some
negatively charged
particles

A

substances not filtered

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35
Q

what 3 membranes does filtrate need to pass through before it gets to the nephron?

A

fenestrated endothelium of glomerulus, basement membrane, podocytes

36
Q

Very porous; exclude RBCs

A

Fenestrated endothelium of
glomerulus

37
Q

Highly selective based on
size and charge

A

basement membrane

38
Q

Foot-like structures (pedicals)
wrap around glomerulus;
contain filtration slits

A

podocyte

39
Q

Volume of filtrate generated
by both kidneys every
minute

A

glomerular filtration rate

40
Q

Passes through afferent and
efferent arterioles, Reabsorption largely based on Hormones

A

distal convoluted tubule

41
Q

what is the purpose of secretion?

A

waste removal, ion/ electrolyte balance, acid-base balance

42
Q

Helps regulate the function of
the glomerulus by monitoring
fluid in the tubules

A

juxtglomeruler apparatus (JGA)

43
Q

Beginning of the DCT meets the afferent and efferent arterioles and the glomerulus

A

location of JGA

44
Q

what 3 cells forms the JGA?

A

macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, mesangial cells

45
Q

Clusters of cells found
in the Distal convoluted
tubule

A

macula densa

46
Q

what is the function of the macula densa?

A

Monitors fluid
composition and
adjusts filtration rate
(GFR)

47
Q

what is the function of Juxtaglomerular (JG) Cells?

A

Receive signals from macula densa; dilate or constrict arterioles according to needs, Release Renin, BP regulation

48
Q

Cells between the
glomerulus and afferent
and efferent arterioles

A

mesangial cells

49
Q

what is the function of mesangial cells?

A

Communicate with JG cells and macula densa, Structural support of glomerulus, Phagocytosis

50
Q

Maximum amount of solute
that can be reabsorbed by
tubules

A

transport maximum

51
Q

what determines renal threshold?

A

transport maximum

52
Q

The plasma concentration at
which a specific compound or ion begins to appear in urine

A

renal threshold

53
Q

Volume of filtrate generated by both
kidneys every minute

A

glomerular filtration rate

54
Q

what is glomerular filtration governed by?

A

hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure

55
Q

Fluid pressure, 2 types in corpuscle

A

hydrostatic pressure

56
Q

Substances in a solution

A

colloid osmotic pressure

57
Q

Blood pressure in
glomerular capillaries

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

58
Q

Opposes glomerular
hydrostatic pressure, Pushes water and solutes out of filtrate
into plasma

A

capsular hydrostatic pressure

59
Q

the ability
of solutes to draw water
across a membrane

A

osmotic pressure

60
Q

Osmotic pressure
resulting from the
presence of
suspended proteins

A

blood Colloid osmotic pressure

61
Q

The average pressure
forcing water and dissolved
materials, Out of glomerulus and into capsular spaces

A

filtration pressure

62
Q

Maintains GFR despite
changes in local blood
pressure and blood
flow

A

renal autoregulation

63
Q

Triggers of Renin-
Angiotensin-Aldosterone

A

Decline in blood pressure at glomerulus, Fall in systemic pressure, Stimulation of juxtaglomerular (JG) cells by
sympathetic innervation

64
Q

effects of angiotensin II

A

Increase in systemic
blood volume and
blood pressure

65
Q

2 types of Natriuretic Peptides released by the heart

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide
(ANP), Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)

66
Q

Dilation of afferent arterioles;
constriction of efferent
arterioles, Decrease reabsorption of Na+, Inhibit ADH and Renin

A

effects of natriuretic peptides

67
Q

exchange
between tubular fluids
moving in opposite
directions

A

Countercurrent Multiplier

68
Q

Benefits of Countercurrent
Multiplication

A

Efficiently reabsorbs solutes and water, Establishes concentration gradient, Urine is concentrated

69
Q

The chemical and physical
analysis of urine, Used to evaluate renal function

A

urinalysis

70
Q

High blood sugar (Glucose) levels

A

Glycosuria

71
Q

Common in diabetes; Results in acidosis

A

Ketonuria

72
Q

Pus (WBCs); kidney infection

A

Pyuria

73
Q

RBCs; Bleeding, infection, tumors, or trauma

A

Hematuria

74
Q

Bile pigments; due to liver damage

A

Bilirubinuria

75
Q

Bacterial infections

A

Nitrites

76
Q

Any substance that increases
excretion of water and salts from
body

A

diuretics

77
Q

Transport urine from kidneys
to the bladder

A

ureters

78
Q

layers of the ureters

A

mucosa, muscularis, adventivia

79
Q

Temporarily stores urine
until micturition

A

bladder

80
Q

layers of the bladder

A

mucosa, muscularis, adventivia, peritoneum

81
Q

Openings of 2 ureters
and 1 urethra

A

trigone

82
Q

Small tube from bladder to
exterior of body

A

urethra

83
Q

3 layers of the female urethra

A

Mucosa, Middle layer of spongy tissue, outer muscular coa

84
Q

2 layers of the male urethra

A

Mucous membrane and
muscularis

85
Q
A

anatomy (13 decks)

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