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cardiovascular Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

stable angina

A
  • most prevalent
  • predictable pattern
  • triggered by emotional stress, cold temps, physical exertion
  • resolves w rest and nitroglycerine
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2
Q

unstable angina

A
  • signal imminent heart attack
  • not predictable
  • not triggered by anything
  • prolonged pain at rest
  • does not resolve w rest or nitroglycerin
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3
Q

what is an angina pectoris

A

chest pain caused by reduced blood supply to the heart

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4
Q

myocardial ischemia

A

blood flow to the heart is reduced causing mm myocardial tissue to be depleted of O2

due to blockage of artery

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5
Q

too fast heart beat =

A

over 100 = tachycardia

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6
Q

too slow heartbeat =

A

under 50 = bradycardia

normal 50-100 beats/min

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7
Q

arrhythmia =

A

variation in normal rhythm

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8
Q

dysrhythmia =

A

abnormal disturbed rhythm

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9
Q

Congestive heart failure

left sided heart failure can’t pump to where? and where does the blood back into

A

left ventricle can’t pump to aorta

blood backs up into lungs

congestion in LUNGS

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10
Q

Congestive heart failure

right sided heart failure can’t pump to where?

A

right ventricle can’t pump out to lungs

blood backs up into veins and causes lower extremity swelling

congestion in LIVER

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11
Q

what is rheumatic fever

A

inflammatory condition that develops after untreated streptococcal throat infection (group A)

cause an autoimmune reaction that can damage heart, joints, CNS or skin

occurs in children 5-15

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12
Q

what is rheumatic fever caused by

A

group A strep

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13
Q

after rheumatic fever infection what can happen

A

infection can manifest is all 3 layers of the heart

(endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis)

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14
Q

what are Aschoff bodies

A

spindle shaped nodules are found in myocardium

if they are near the conduction system they interfere with the rhythmicity of the heart

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15
Q

what is cardiomyopathy

A

disease of the heart mm that changes in the myocardium = inadequate heart pumping

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16
Q

3 types of cardiomyopathy

A
  1. dilated = dilated left ventricle, decreases hearts contractility
  2. hypertrophic = thickening of left ventricle, interferes with hearts ability to expand and fill up before contraction
  3. restricted = myocardium becomes rigid and less elastic, interferes with hearts ability to expand and fill up before contraction
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17
Q

the right ventricle of the heart becomes enlarged and dysfunctional due to pulmonary artery hypertension =

A

cor pulmonale

= RIGHT ventricular failure

chronic

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18
Q

what is endocarditis (infective endocarditis)

A

infection –> inflammation of interior lining of the heart from a bacterial infection

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19
Q

etiology of endocarditis = bacterial infection in bloodstream

A

a pathogen enters bloodstream and attaches to defects in the endocardium or on heart valves

causing inflammation and formation of vegetations on cusps of valves

can cause embolism

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20
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of heart mm or myocardium caused by infection of viruses or parasites

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21
Q

most common virus of myocarditis

A

coxsackie enterovirus or common cold virus

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22
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium surrounding the heart

causes fluid build up in pericardial space which can compress the heart

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23
Q

what is mitral stenosis

A

narrowing of the bicuspid valve, causing abnormal opening and blocking blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

from strep infection

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24
Q

pathogenesis of mitral stenosis

A

invasion of bacteria cause scarring on the leaflets of the valve

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25
what is aortic stenosis
narrowing of aortic valve preventing the valve from opening fully reducing or blocking blood flow into the aorta and onward left ventricle has to work harder to pump blood into the aorta
26
how fast does myocardial tissue die
20 minutes does not regenerate infarcted tissue becomes necrotic then fibrotic
27
with a myocardial infarction what 3 things cause coronary artery blockages
1. thrombus buildup from atherosclerosis 2. thromboemboli 3. vasospasm
28
what is cardiac arrest
- heart stops - stops all cardiac output - blood stops pumping through circulation depriving body tissues of O2 and allowing waste products to build up
29
what are the 3 factors that cause thrombosis known as "Virchow's Triad"
1. endothelial cell injury - caused by inflammation 2. blood stasis - reduced blood flow promotes sedimentation of blood cells and forms turbulence 3. hypercoagulability - gets thicker and clumps
30
whats another pathology rheumatic fever can cause
valve stenosis
31
what pathology of the heart cant pump enough blood to meet the bodies demands
congestive heart failure
32
which condition is associated w ashcoff bodies
rheumatic heart disease
33
what is cor pulmonale due to
pulmonary artery hypertension
34
what is arteriosclerosis
hardening of smaller arteries process of deposits on the inside lining of arteries that causes the walls of the artery to thicken and lose their elasticity leading to reduced blood flow = long standing hypertension
35
myocarditis = viral
endocarditis = infective
36
what are the 4 named localized forms of atherosclerosis
1. coronary artery disease 2. cerebrovascular disease 3. atherosclerosis of the aorta 4. peripheral artery disease
37
what is atherosclerosis
endothelial injury of artery wall immunologic and inflammatory reaction causing fatty streak to form
38
coronary artery disease
atherosclerosis in coronary arteries fatty streak forms and reduces blood flow to myocardium
39
what is the most common heart disease
coronary artery disease
40
what is it called when surgery involves using a healthy vein from leg, an artery in chest or artery in wrist to bypass the occluded vessel in the heart
coronary bypass
41
which arterial disease can cause cyanosis of the skin
peripheral artery disease
42
3 categories of hypertension
primary = 90% of cases - not linked to underlying disease secondary = 5-10% results of co-existing disease malignant = severe, uncontrollable, rapidly progresses
43
high pressures that stress the heart and all arterial wall tissues is called what
hypertension
44
what blood pressure is considered low
90/60
45
when a blood vessel wall weakness forms a pouch outward enlarging the artery , creating thrombus and later embolus - what is this called
aneurysm
46
what is the most common aneurysm
abdominal aortic
47
what is a true aneurysm
weakness and damage involving all 3 arterial layers
48
what is a false aneurysm
tear in the artery blood collects outside the wall but remains in surrounding tissues
49
what does a thoracic aneurysm cause
difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) difficulty breathing (dyspnea)
50
what is a stroke (CVA)
disruption of blood flow into brain causing infarction of brain tissue within minutes causes hypoxia and ischemia vessel is ruptured or occluded causes irreversible brain damage
51
left sided brain damage causes right sided paralysis
right sided brain damage causes left sided paralysis PARALYSIS IS CONTRALATERAL TO SIDE OF BRAIN AFFECTED
52
2 main types of CVA
ischemic - caused by atherosclerosis hemorrhagic (more severe) - caused by hypertension and cerebral aneurysms
53
with orthostatic (postural) hypotension how much does systolic and diastolic drop by
systolic = 20 diastolic - 10
54
what is inflammation of the small to medium sized arteries in extremities, causing them to swell
thromboangiitis obliterans or *buerger's disease*
55
what is phlebitis
inflammation of vein usually in extremities causing poor circulation caused by venous stasis
56
3 causes/ risk factors of DVT
venous stasis vessel wall injury hypercoagulable blood
57
when veins become dilated and twisted b/c of damaged walls and incompetent valves what is that called
varicose veins
58
what is the most common cause of myocardial infarction
atherosclerosis
59
which cardiomyopathy is characterized by dilation of the heart chambers and systolic dysfunction
dilated cardiomyopathy
60
what is the characteristic histological finding in rheumatic heart disease
aschoff bodies
61
what valve is most commonly affected in infective endocarditis
aortic valve
62
Aschoff bodies are found in what disease
rheumatic heart disease
63
what is the most common cause of mitral stenosis
rheumatic fever
64
what is the most common cause of angina
myocardial ischemia
65
what pathology is caused by inflammation in the heart muscle caused by infection of viruses or parasites
myocarditis
66
what vessel is affected in Beurger disease (thromboangitis obliterans)
small-medium sized arteries of the extremities
67
primary cause of varicose veins
valvular incompetence
68
what is a complication of DVT
pulmonary embolism
69
common risk factor for developing aneurysms
hypertension
70
most common location for abdominal aortic aneurysms
abdominal aorta
71
what causes chest pain by reduced blood flow to the heart and is not relieved by ingesting nitroglycerin
myocardial infarction
72
atherosclerosis of the arteries causes which cardiovascular pathology
coronary artery disease peripheral artery disease cerebrovascular disease
73
what CVA is characterized by a ruptured vessel
hemorrhagic
74
what type of aneurysm is characterized by weakness and damage to all 3 arterial layers
true aneurysm
75
what is the is the formation of a blood clot in the arterial wall called
thrombosis
76
what are causes of secondary hypertension
diabetes smoking excess alcohol
77
what pathology can cause painful red nodules on fingers called osler nodes
endocarditis
78

Pathology (8 decks)

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