FINAL Flashcards
1
Q
impaired clotting mechanisms causing prolonged bleeding is what
A
hemophilia
2
Q
impaired bone marrow function in making WBCs
A
leukemia
3
Q
fungal infection from inhaled spores found in soil, bird and bat droppings
A
histoplasmosis
4
Q
oral lesions =
A
herpes simplex 1
5
Q
genital lesions =
A
herpes simplex 2
6
Q
what virus hides in the dorsal root ganglia and is activated when stressed
A
herpes
7
Q
sexually transmitted virus causing warts and can lead to cervical cancer
A
HPV
8
Q
Affects GI mostly, also respiratory, and nervous systems, flu like symptoms:
A
viral enterovirus
9
Q
Virus enters the anterior horn of the spinal cord, damages motor neurons:
A
poliomyelitis
10
Q
Often asymptomatic, lasts a lifetime, infection, spread via, body secretions
A
cytomegalovirus
11
Q
Starts in upper respiratory (infected droplets), then goes to lower, if immunocompromised
life-threatening
A
influenza virus
12
Q
Rhinovirus:
A
common cold
13
Q
Yeast infection, what is the name of the yeast:
A
candida albicans
14
Q
Very common, resides no skin, overgrowth causes disease from mild on severe:
A
staphylococcus aureus
15
Q
Has two groups Group A and Group B
A
streptococcus
16
Q
Pathologies included in Group A streptococcus
A
Strep throat
Pharyngitis
Impetigo
Rhematic fever
Necrotizing fasciitis
17
Q
Highly contagious throat infection, if left untreated-serious
A
pharyngitis - strep throat
18
Q
if untreated may lead To valve damage:
A
rheumatic fever
19
Q
Flesh eating disease:
A
necrotizing fasciitis
20
Q
Normally occurring bacteria that flourishes In immunocompromised, may cause
pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, meningitis:
A
streptococcus pneumoniae
21
Q
Sexually transmitted infection of urogenital tract, but may also infect pharynx,
eyes, and rectum
A
gonococcus - gonorrhea
22
Q
Inflammation of the fluid and the membranes to the meninges:
infection, if left untreated-serious:
A
meningococcal infections - meningitis
23
Q
Yersinia pestis:
A
plague, bubonic plague, black death
bacterial infection in lungs transmitted by fleas on rodents
24
Q
Bacteria found in canned food causing blocked nerve functions and severe paralyzing
effects:
A
clostridium botulinum
25
Found in water, soil, vegetation, and feces, used to measure quality of water:
coliforms
example - E.coli
26
From contaminated water, person dies of dehydration from severe diarrhea
cholera coliforms
27
Infectious, inflammatory disease of lungs, #1 cause in world for infection, also lymph nodes
& other organs affected:
tuberculosis
28
Infectious bacterial infection causing skin sores, growths, nerve damage and nasal
symptoms:
leprosy
29
Most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection in the world:
chlamydia
30
A sexually transmitted protozoa (parasite) infection:
trichomoniasis
31
Inhaled pollens trigger a histamine release:
hay fever
allergic rhinitis
32
Chronic skin irritation, childhood mostly:
atopic dermatitis - eczema
33
Abnormal response to inhaled allergens In the bronchi:
asthma
characterized by bronchospasms
34
A severe life-threatening systemic response to an allergen:
anaphylactic shock
35
RBCs are destroyed faster than they can be produced:
hemolytic anemia
36
Antibodies produced attack collagen in the lungs & kidneys:
goodpasture's syndrome
37
overproduction of thyroid hormones
hyperthyroidism
38
Antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors at the NMJ and
there is an excess of cholinesterase, causing an excess of acetylcholine in the cleft:
myasthenia gravis
39
what is Ptosis:
eyelids droop
40
butterfly rash is found in people with what
lupus
41
renal disease after a sore throat
post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
42
most common Type IV reaction
contact dermatitis
43
Sexually transmitted virus that infects and destroys CD4 and T cells:
human immunodeficiency virus - HIV
44
Abnormal proteins build up in organs causing dysfunction:
amyloidosis
45
Infection and inflammation of lymphatic vessels:
lymphangitis
46
Local accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces:
edema
47
cancer of lymph node
lymphoma
48
Hodgkin's vs non Hodgkin's lymphoma
Hodgkin's = starts in 1 lymph node
peaks in 20-30's and 60-70s
Reed sternberg cells *
Non Hodgkin's = from B cells
more common in men than women
more common in general
more widespread and metatasizes early on
NO reed sternberg cells *
49
Infectious mononucleosis also called:
kissing disease
50
Myalgic encephalomyelitis: also called:
chronic fatigue syndrome
51
list the 6 attributes of cancer cells
1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals
2. Insensitivity to anti-growth signals
3. Evading apoptosis
4. Limitless replicative potential
5. Sustained angiogenesis
6. Tissue invasion and metastasis
52
what are the 3 metastasis routes
1. lymphatic spread
2. hematogenous spread
3. direct extension - local invasion
53
Give 4 viral pathologies that are linked to cancer:
HPV
Hep B and C
Epstein Barr
Human T-lymphotropic virus
54
Bacterial infection of skin, blisters, very contagious:
bullous impetigo
55
bacterial infection of skin with no blisters
non bullous impetigo
56
Infection that crusts over an ulcer, deeper form of impetigo:
ecthyma
57
Infection In lower layers of skin:
cellulitis
58
Infection In upper layers of skin:
erysipelas
59
Infection of a hair follicle:
furuncle
many formed together is CARBUNCLE
60
Chronic inflammation of the hair follicular epithelium causing blockages, painful lumps
(pustules & nodules):
hidradenitis suppurativa
61
Infectious fungus or mycosis, lives of keratin:
dermatophytosis
62
Tiny insects or parasites that live in skin with hair and feed of blood:
lice = pediculosis
capitis, corporis, pubis
63
what leaves wavy trails
mites/ scabies
64
Viral infection of skin causing warts, spreads through skin-to-skin contact:
viral molluscum contagiosum
65
Hair follicle with sebaceous gland obstruction and clogging
acne vulgaris
66
Skin irritation with erythema, pustules and telangiectasis over malar areas:
acne rosacea
67
shaving rash is called what
pseudofolliculitis barbae
68
hair loss is called what
alopecia
69
Chronic scaley silver-coloured patches caused by overgrowth of the epidermis:
psoriasis
70
Inflammatory reaction to drugs, target shaped lesions:
erythema multiforme
71
severe reaction to drugs w target shaped lesions
steven johnson syndrome
72
skin tags also called what
acrochordon
cutaneous papilloma
73
what is urticaria also called
hives
74
hard thickened areas from too much friction often on feet
corns
75
a bony bump at the base of the MTP joint:
bunion
76
genetic disorder causing dry thickened scaly skin, a slowing of the skins shedding
process:
ichthyosis (vulgaris)
77
Skin loses pigment in an irregular pattern:
vitiligo
78
first degree burn affects
epidermis only affected
red non blistered skin
minimal damage
inflammation, swelling, dry peeling skin
heals within 7-10 days
79
second degree burn affects
epidermis and part of dermis affected
blisters
red and painful w thickening skin
heal within 3 weeks
80
third degree burn affects
dermis, epidermis, hypodermis all affected
most severe
widespread thickness w white leathery appearance
heals w scarring w/o sx
high risk infection
81
raised scar larger than original wound
keloid
82
raised scar same as original wound
hypertrophic
83
Inflammation of the pleural membranes:
pleurisy (pleuritis)
84
Collapsed lung is also called:
pneumothorax
85
Air sacs and bronchioles fill with fluid, debris and cellular waste inflammation
pneumonia
86
Build up of excess fluid between the pleural membranes:
pleural effusion
87
High blood pressure that effects the arteries of the lungs:
pulmonary arterial hypertension
88
Excess fluid in the air sac of the lungs
pulmonary edema
89
Respiratory system fails to maintain gas exchange at alveolar membrane:
type 1 - respiratory failure
hypoxemic, impaired at alveolar/capillary membrane or respiratory exchange membrane
90
Respiratory system fails to maintain the respiratory pump
Type 2
hypercapnic, respiratory pump failure
91
Contagious lung infection that is encapsulated in a tubercle and forms caseous necrosis
tuberculosis
92
Causes 80-90% of all lung cancers:
tobacco smoke
93
Group of respiratory diseases that cause obstruction of air flow
COPD
94
Inflammation of the bronchial mucosa, causing swelling hypersecretion of mucus:
chronic bronchitis
95
blue bloater
chronic bronchitis
96
pink puffer
emphysema
97
Permanent enlargement and destruction of alveoli:
emphysema
98
Barrel chest, tripod position, clubbing of fingers found in:
emphysema
99
Bronchiole smooth mm are in spasm:
asthma
100
Irritating dust particles cause interstitial lung disease
pneumoconiosis
101
Weakened bronchiole walls form out pouches
bronchiectasis
102
Common lung infection in children causing inflammation of the bronchioles:
bronchiolitis
103
Genetic disorder causing hyper secretion of mucus, saliva and digestive juices producing
cells:
cystic fibrosis
104
Upper airway is obstructed while sleeping causing hypoxia:
sleep apnea
105
A clot occludes the pulmonary artery partially or completely:
pulmonary embolism
106
Reduced blood flow to the myocardium causing chest pain, treated with nitroglycerin:
angina pectoris
107
Myocardium damage due to hypoxia, often caused by a blockage:
myocardial ischemia
108
Abnormal heartbeat caused by conduction system impairment:
arrythmias or dysrhythmias
109
Device that helps control abnormal heart beats
pacemaker
110
Inability of the heart to pump blood to meet the body's' demands:
congestive heart failure
111
Left sided heart failure produces
cant pump to AORTA
congestion in LUNGS
112
right sided heart failure produces
cant pump to LUNGS
congestion in LIVER
113
develops after untreated post-streptococcal throat infection:
rheumatic fever
114
Dilated, hypertrophic and restricted heart muscle:
dilated - dilated L ventricle, decrease hearts contractility so blood is pumped less forcefully
hypertrophic - thickening of L ventricle, interferes w heart's ability to to expand and fill up before contraction
restricted - myocardium becomes rigid & less elastic
115
Enlarged right ventricle due to pulmonary artery hypertension:
cor pulmonale
116
Osler's nodes
endocarditis - painful red nodules on fingers
117
Infection of the interior lining of the heart, affecting heart valves:
endocarditis (infective endocarditis)
118
Most common cause for this pathology: coxsackie enterovirus, common cold virus, Covid 19, hep B and C and parasites:
myocarditis
119
An increase in fluid in the pericardial sac:
pericarditis
120
Narrowing of the bicuspid valve caused by rheumatic fever:
mitral stenosis (bicuspid valve stenosis)
121
Causes of: congenital, calcification of valve, rheumatic fever:
aortic stenosis
122
Interrupted blood supply causing ischemia & hypoxia, tissues dies in 20 minutes:
myocardial infarction/ heart attack
123
Heart stops, loss of consciousness, sudden collapse:
cardiac arrest
124
formation of a blood clot in an arterial wall:
thrombosis
125
Floating matter in our bloodstream that doesn't belong and may occlude an artery
embolism
126
Hardening of smaller arteries:
arteriosclerosis
127
Endothelial injury of an artery wall with a fatty streak made of lipids, cholesterol and other
cells
atherosclerosis
128
Atherosclerosis of arteries surrounding the heart:
coronary artery disease
129
Surgeons use a healthy vein from elsewhere in the body and use it to bypass a blocked
artery of the heart
coronary bypass
130
Peripheral pulses distal to the occluded blood vessels are absent:
peripheral artery disease
131
Called the "SILENT KILLER":
hypertension
132
What is normal blood pressure:
120/80
133
What is low blood pressure:
90/60
134
Blood vessel wall weakness that forms a pouch
aneurysm
135
Type of stroke, liquifies brain tissue:
hemorrhagic
136
Sudden drop in blood pressure causing lightheadedness, after standing up:
orthostatic hypotension
137
Colors of skin, often in hands: White, blue and red:
raynauds
138
Young man who is a smoker: inflammation of small to medium arteries in extremities:
thromboangitis obliterans
or buergers disease
139
Inflammation of a vein:
phlebitis
140
Where does a DVT come from?
venous stasis from prolonged inactivity
trauma to venous wall from IV or chemicals
increased blood hypercoagulability
141
what does a DVT occlude or block
may lodge in pulmonary artery causing a pulmonary embolism
142
Dilated, twisted veins due to damaged wall and incompetent valves
varicose veins
143
Life threatening condition, where body does not get enough blood or oxygen and
nutrients, has many types
circulatory shock
144
Nitrogen dissolves too quickly in the blood and forms bubbles that act like an embolism
decompression illness
145
Limitation of blood flow due to pressure causing necrosis and tissue death
decubitus ulcers (bed sores, pressure ulcers)
146
Autoimmune disease where immune cells attack the walls of blood vessels causing
inflammation:
vasculitis
147
Most serious complication in diabetes causing mortality affecting the basement
membrane in the capillary beds:
diabetic microangiopathy
148
Two most common causes is gallstones and alcohol abuse
pancreatitis
149
Cancer with the highest mortality rate (92%)
pancreatic cancer
150
3 P's of diabetes mellitus
Polyuria - excessive urination
Polydipsia - excessive thirst
Polyphagia -excessive hunger
151
Lack of digestive enzymes often caused by cystic fibrosis
pancreatic insufficiency
152
Hypersecretion of cells that produce mucus, saliva, sweat and digestive juices:
cystic fibrosis
153
Sodium faulty transport produces dehydration causing
mucus secretions to be thick and sticky
cystic fibrosis
154
Hypercortisolism:
cushings syndrome/ disease
155
Hypocortisolism:
addison's disease
156
Hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood:
gigantism
157
Hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood:
Acromegaly
158
Pituitary gland sits in the:
sella turcica
159
A tumor in the adrenal cortex, affecting aldosterone production causing over production and affecting salt & potassium:
160
auto immune disease that causes hyperactivity of the thyroid gland:
graves disease
161
Two special items for graves disease:
beta blockers and anti thyroidal drugs?
162
First ever auto immune disease discovered:
Hashimoto's disease
163
imbalance in calcium metabolism
hyperparathyroidism
164
occurs in immunocompromised, fungal infection of the lungs
fungal pneumonia
pneumocystis carinii
165
antibody/antigen complexes deposit in small to medium arteries, causing clumping and inflammation
polyarteritis nodosa
166
treponema pallidum invades and causes tissues to die in what sexually transmitted infection
bacterial syphilis
167
if rheumatic fever affects the heart valves it causes damage called
vegetations
168
rheumatic heart disease has what distinguishing nodules in the myocardium
Aschoff bodies
169
common causes of myocardial infarction
thrombus buildup from atherosclerosis
thromboemboli
vasospasm
170
aneurysm in head is called
cerebral aneurysm
171
aneurysm in thoracic causes
difficulty swallowing- dysphagia
difficulty breathing - dyspnea
172
80% of all stroke types
ischemic
173
a tumor in adrenal cortex, affecting aldosterone production causing overproduction and affecting salt and potassium
primary aldosteronism - conn's syndrome
174
often, empty sella syndrome does not affect the function of the
pituitary gland
175
pituitary gland is squashed by
empty sella syndrome
enlargement or malformation of sella turcica causing buildup of cerebrospinal fluid that squishes pit gland in sella turcica
176
sodium faulty transport produces dehydration causing
primary aldosteronism conn's syndrome
177
lack of digestive enzymes often caused by cystic fibrosis
pancreatic insufficiency
178
what type of vessel effected in Takayasu arteritis
large vessels (aorta and large branches)
179
what type of vessel effected in polyarteritis nodosa
medium sized vessels
180
what type of vessel effected in giant cell or temporal arteritis
infection of superficial temporal artery and other arteries that supply the head eyes and jaw
