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FA Rapid Review > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

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1
Q

Fixed splitting

A

ASD (L to R shunt and increased flow thru pulmonic valve such that, regardless of breath, pulmonic closure is greatly delayed)

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2
Q

Wide splitting

A

Conditions that delay RV emptying (pulmonic stenosis, RBBB)

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3
Q

Paradoxical splitting

A

Conditions that delay LV emptying (AS, LBBB)

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4
Q

Mitral/tricuspid regurgitation

A

Holosystolic, high pitched “blowing murmur”

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5
Q

Aortic stenosis

A

Crescendo-descrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click (abrupt halting of valve leaflets)

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6
Q

VSD

A

Holosystolic, harsh-sounding murmur

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7
Q

Mitral prolapse

A

Late systolic crescendo murmur with midsystolic click (sudden tensing of chordae tendinae)

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8
Q

Aortic regurgitation

A

Immediate high-pitched “blowing” diastolic murmur

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9
Q

Mitral stenosis

A

Delayed rumbling late diastolic murmur, follows opening snap (abrupt halt in leaflet motion)

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10
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus

A

Continuous machine-like murmur

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11
Q

Anything that prolongs the QT interval can predispose to…

A

torsades de pointes (Vtach)

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12
Q

Congenital heart disease (5)

A 
Truncus arteriosus
Transposition of great vessels
Tricuspid atresia
Tetralogy of Fallot
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)
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13
Q

L to R shunts

A

VSD > ASD > PDA

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14
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot parts

A

PROVe

  1. Pulmonary stenosis
  2. RVH
  3. Overriding aorta (overrides VSD)
  4. VSD
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15
Q

Transposition of great vessels due to…

A

failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral

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16
Q

Transposition of great vessels associated with…

A

maternal diabetes

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17
Q

Infantile coarctation of aorta associated with…

A

Turner syndrome

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18
Q

Adult type coarctation of the aorta (postductal) associated with…(3)

A

notching of ribs, HTN in UE, weak pulses in LE

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19
Q

For PDA, close with #1, keep open with #2

A 
#1 indomethacin
#2 PGE
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20
Q

Causes of renal artery stenosis

A 
Atherosclerosis (elderly male)
Fibromuscular dysplasia (young female)
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21
Q

“Pipestem” arteries

A

Monckeberg pattern of arteriosclerosis (calcification in media of arteries)

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22
Q

AAA epidemiology

A

Male smokers > 50y/o

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23
Q

Thoracic aortic aneurysm appearance

A

“tree bark” appearance

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24
Q

Aortic aneurysm triad of sx

A

Hypotension
Pulsatile abdominal mass
Flank pain

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25
Aortic dissection associated with...
HTN | Cystic medial necrosis (Marfan's syndrome)
26
Most common cause of death from aortic dissection
pericardial tamponade
27
ST depression represents...
subendocardial ischemia
28
ST elevation represents...
transmural infarct
29
Tx for MI
``` ASA/heparin to limit thrombosis Supp O2 to minimize ischemia Nitrates to vasodilate, dec preload BB to slow HR, dec demand for O2 ACEI to dec LV dilation by volume, dec afterload ```
30
Evolution of MI
Coag necrosis -- 1d -- Acute inflammation -- 1wk -- granulation tissue -- 1mo -- scar
31
Dressler syndrome
autoimmune pericarditis 6-8wks after MI
32
Risk in early period after MI
arrhythmia
33
Risks at 5-10d post-MI
free wall rupture, tamponade, papillary muscle rupture, interventricular septal rupture
34
Risk at 7wks post-MI
Ventricular aneurysm
35
Complication 3-5d post-MI
Fibrinous pericarditis
36
Causes of dilated CM
``` ABCCCD Alcohol abuse wet Beriberi Coxsackie B virus myocarditis chronic Cocaine use Chagas' disease Doxorubicin toxicity hemochromatosis peripartum CM ```
37
Causes of restrictive CM
``` sarcoidosis amyloidosis postradiation fibrosis endocardial fibroelastosis Loffler's syndrome hemochromatosis ```
38
Main reasons for CHF symptoms
Decreased LV contractility leading to 1. Pulm venous congestion (pulm edema) 2. Dec cardiac output (activation of RAAS)
39
Bacterial endocarditis sx
``` Bacteria FROM JANE Fever Roth's spots Osler's nodes Murmur Janeway lesion Anemia of chronic dz Nail-bed hemorrhage Emboli (septic) ```
40
Tricuspid valve endocarditis due to...
IV drug abuse | S. aureus, Pseudomonas, Candida
41
Subacute bacterial endocarditis
viridans streptococci | sequela of dental procedures
42
Endocarditis with negative BCx
HACEK | Haemophilus, Actinobacillus, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, Kingella
43
Bacterial endocarditis and colon cancer
S. bovis
44
Bacterial endocarditis and prosthetic valves
S. epidermidis
45
Nonbacterial endocarditis 2/2...
malignancy, hypercoagulable state, lupus (Libman Sacks)
46
Rheumatic fever sx
``` FEVERSS Fever Erythema marginatum Valvular damage ESR increased Red-hot joints (migratory polyarthritis) Subcutaneous nodules St. Vitus' dance (chorea) ```
47
Rheumatic fever consequence of....
pharyngeal infection with group A beta-hemolytic strep (Strep pyogenes)
48
Rheumatic fever affecting heart valves
Mitral > aortic >> tricuspid
49
Cardiac tamponade findings
hypoTN, increased JVD, distant heart sounds, increased HR, pulsus paradoxus
50
Most common primary cardiac tumor in adults
myxomas
51
Most common primary cardiac tumor in children
Rhabdomyomas
52
Raynaud's disease
Decreased BF to skin 2/2 arteriolar vasospasm in response to cold temp or emotional stress
53
Raynaud's phenomenon
2/2 mixed connective tissue disease, SLE, CREST syndrome
54
Large vessel vasculitis (2)
Temporal (giant cell) arteritis | Takayasu's arteritis
55
Medium vessel vasculitis (3)
Polyarteritis nodosa Kawasaki disease Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans)
56
Small vessel vasculitis (4)
Wegener granulomatosis Microscopic polyangiitis Churg-Strauss syndrome Henoch Schonlein purpura
57
Most common form of vasculitis in older adults > 50y/o
Temporal (giant cell) arteritis
58
Temporal (giant cell) arteritis sx
U/l ha, jaw claudication | May progress to irreversible blindness (ophthalmic a. occlusion)
59
Takayasu's arteritis affects...
Asian females <40y/o
60
String of pearls appearance on imaging
Polyarteritis nodosa (multiple aneurysms/constrictions on arteriogram, late complication)
61
Polyarteritis nodosa associated with...
Hep B seropositivity in 30% of patients
62
Kawasaki disease sx
CRASH & BURN (fever) | Conjunctivitis, Rash, Adenopathy, Strawberry tongue, Hands/feet erythema
63
Kawasaki disease affects...
Asian children < 4y/o
64
Buerger's disease affects...
heavy smokers, males <40 y/o
65
How to remember Wegener granulomatosis
"C" distribution (nasopharynx, lungs, kidneys) c-ANCA positive tx with cyclophosphasmide, corticosteroids
66
Triad of Wegener granulomatosis
1. Focal necrotizing vasculitis 2. necrotizing granulomas in lung and upper airway 3. necrotizing glomerulonephritis
67
Churg-Strauss syndrome
granulomatous vasculitis with EOSINOPHILIA (p-ANCA positive)
68
Most common form of childhood systemic vasculitis
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
69
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
Palpable purpura on buttocks/legs Arthalgia Abd pain Hematuria (IgA nephropathy)
70
Sturge-Weber disease manifests as...
1. port-wine stain on face 2. i/l leptomeningeal angiomatosis (intracerebral AVM) 3. seizures 4, early-onset glaucoma
71
PVC exposure
Angiosarcoma
72
Purple patches, plaques, nodules on skin
Kaposi's sarcoma
73
1st line tx for HTN in pregnancy
hydralazine, methyldopa
74
Mechanism of antiarrhythmics
Slow or block conduction Decrease slope of phase 0 depolarization Increase threshold for firing in abnormal pacemaker cells
75
Class IA antiarrythmics
Quinidine Procainamide Disopyramide "the Queen Proclaims Diso's pyramid"
76
Class IB antiarrhythmics
``` Lidocaine Mexiletine Tocainide "I'd Buy Lidy's Mexican Tacos" "IB is Best post-MI" ```
77
Class IC antiarrhythmics
Flecainide Propafenone "IC is Contraindicated post-MI)
78
Causes increased toxicity for all class I drugs
Hyperkalemia
79
Class III antiarrhythmics (K channel blockers)
``` Ibutilide Sotalol Bretylium Amiodarone Dofetilide "K IS BAD" ```
80
Class IV antiarrhythmics (Ca channel blockers)
Verapamil | Diltiazem
81
Drug of choice in dx/abolishing SVT
Adenosine
82
Effective in torsades de pointes and digoxin toxicity
Mg2+

FA Rapid Review (11 decks)

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