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Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones

A

vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin

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2
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

FLAT PiG

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, GH

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3
Q

Organs that don’t need insulin for glucose uptake

A

BRICK L

Brain, RBCs, Intestine, Cornea, Kidney, Liver

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4
Q

Brain and RBCs take up glucose via…

A

GLUT-1 receptor

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5
Q

Secretion of what inhibits prolactin

A

Dopamine

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6
Q

Somatostatin inhibits…

A

GH, TSH

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7
Q

Prolactin inhibits…

A

GnRH

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8
Q

Used in treatment of prolactinoma

A

Dopamine agonists (ex. bromocriptine)

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9
Q

Meds that stimulate prolactin secretion

A

Dopamine antagonists (antipsychotics) and estrogens (OCPs, pregnancy)

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10
Q

17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency

A

Dec cortisol & sex steroids, Inc mineralocorticoids
HTN, hypoK
XY: male pseudohermaphroditism (outside female, inside male)
XX: lacks secondary sex characteristics

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11
Q

21 hydroxylase deficiency

A

Dec mineralo & cortisol, Inc sex steroids

HypoTN, hyperK, increased renin, volume depletion, masculinization, female pseudohermaphroditism

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12
Q

11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency

A

Dec aldosterone, Inc 11-deoxycorticosterone, Dec cortisol, Inc ss
HTN, masculinization

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13
Q

Fxn of cortisol

A

BBIIG

  1. Maintain BP (upreg alpha-1 receptors on arterioles)
  2. dec Bone formation
  3. Anti-Inflammatory/Immunosuppressive
  4. increase Insulin resistance
  5. increase Gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis
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14
Q

Fxn of PTH

A
  • Inc bone resorption of Ca & phosphate
  • Inc kidney reabsorption of Ca in DCT
  • Dec kidney reabsorption of phosphate
  • Inc 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D production
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15
Q

Fxn of vitamin D (cholecalciferol)

A
  • Inc absorption of dietary Ca and phosphate

- Inc bone resorption of Ca and phosphate

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16
Q

Wolff-Chaikoff effect

A

reduction in thyroid hormone levels caused by xs ingestion of iodine, thus inhibiting thyroid peroxidase and organification

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17
Q

Cushing’s syndrome causes

A 
Exogenous (iatrogenic) steroids
Endogenous causes:
1. Cushing's disease (70%)
2. Ectopic ACTH (15%)
3. Adrenal (15%)
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18
Q

Distinguish Cushing’s dz vs ectopic ACTH via…

A

high dose dexamethasone test

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19
Q

Conn’s syndrome

A

aldosterone-secreting adrenal adenoma

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20
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism sx

A

HTN, hypoK, met alkalosis, low plasma renin

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21
Q

Secondary hyperaldosteronism sx

A

HIGH plasma renin

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22
Q

Secondary hyperaldosteronism 2/2…

A 
renal a. stenosis
chronic renal failure
CHF
cirrhosis
nephrotic syndrome
fibromuscular dysplasia
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23
Q

Addison’s disease

A

chronic primary adrenal insufficiency d/t adrenal atrophy or destruction by disease

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24
Q

Addison’s disease sx

A

hypoTN, hyperK, acidosis, skin hyperpigmentation

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25
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
acute primary adrenal insufficiency d/t adrenal hemorrhage associated with N. meningitidis septicemia, DIC, and endotoxic shock
26
Dx of pheochromocytoma
Increased serum metanephrines and 24h urine metanephrine/VMA
27
Most common tumor of adrenal medulla in adults
pheochromocytoma
28
Pheochromocytoma associated with
neurofibromatosis type 1 MEN types 2A and 2B VHL disease
29
Treatment of pheo
alpha antagonists, especially phenoxybenzamine
30
Pheochromocytoma sx
``` 5 Ps: Pressure (HTN) Pain (ha) Perspiration Palpitations (tachycardia) Pallor ```
31
Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in children
neuroblastoma
32
Thyroglossal duct cyst p/w
anterior neck mass
33
Types of hypothyroidism
Hashimoto's thyroiditis Cretinism Subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain's) Riedel's thyroiditis
34
Most common cause of hypothyroidism
Hashimoto's thyroidtis
35
Hashimoto's thyroiditis associated with...
HLA-DR5, increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
36
Cretinism due to
severe fetal hypothyroidism
37
Cretinism sx
pot-bellied, pale, puffy-faced child with protruding umbilicus and protuberant tongue, short stature with skeletal abnormalities, MR, coarse facial features
38
Subacute thyroiditis
self-limited granulomatous thyroiditis that follows a viral infection
39
Riedel's thyroiditis
chronic inflammation with extensive fibrosis of thyroid (hard rock-like)
40
Types of hyperthyroidism
Graves' disease Thyroid storm Toxic multinodular goiter
41
Jod-Basedow phenomenon
thyrotoxicosis if a pt with iodine deficiency goiter is made iodine replete
42
Thyroid storm
stress-induced catecholamine surge leading to death by arrhythmia
43
Most common cause of hyperthyroidism
Graves' disease
44
Types of thyroid cancer
``` Papillary Follicular Medullary Undifferentiated/anaplastic Lymphoma ```
45
Most common thyroid tumor with excellent px
papillary carcinoma
46
hallmark of papillary carcinoma
"ground-glass" nuclei (Orphan Annie), psammoma bodies
47
Medullary carcinoma
from parafollicular C cells, which produce calcitonin
48
Medullary carcinoma asso with
MEN types 2A and 2B
49
Carcinomas that spread hematogenously
RCC (renal v) HCC (hepatic v) follicular carcinoma choriocarcinoma
50
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Usu due to adenoma
51
Primary hyperparathyroidism sx
stones (ca oxalate renal stones) bones (bone pain, osteitis fibrosa cystica) groans (constipation, abd pain) psych overtones
52
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Most commonly d/t renal insufficiency --> dec phosphate excretion --> serum phosphate binds free Ca --> dec free Ca stimulates PTH production
53
Hypoparathyroidism causes
``` accidental surgical excision (thyroid surgery) autoimmune destruction DiGeorge syndrome (failure to develop 3rd/4th pharyngeal pouch) ```
54
Chvostek's sign
tapping of facial nerve ---> contraction of facial muscles (spasm)
55
Trousseau's sign
occlusion of brachial artery with BP cuff --> carpal spasm
56
Prolactinoma sx
Females: amenorrhea, galactorrhea Males: ha, dec libido Can have bitemporal hemianopia
57
Central diabetes insipidus
lack of ADH production
58
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
lack of renal response to ADH
59
SIADH findings
Excessive water retention HypoNa Urine osmo > serum osmo
60
Causes of SIADH
ectopic ADH (small cell lung ca) CNS d/o, head trauma Pulmonary dz (ex. COPD, infxn) Drugs (ex. cyclophosphamide)
61
Tx for SIADH
demeclocycline (ADH antagonist)
62
Hypopituitarism causes
1. Nonsecreting pit adenoma, craniopharyngioma 2. Sheehan's syndrome 3. Empty sella syndrome 4. Brain injury, hemorrhage 5. Radiation
63
DKA sx
Kussmaul respirations (rapid/deep breathing), n/v, abd pain, psychosis, dehydration, fruit breath odor
64
Carcinoid syndrome
cause by carcinoid tumors, esp metastatic small bowel tumors --> secrete high levels of 5HT
65
Carcinoid syndrome sx
recurrent diarrhea, cutaneous flushing, asthmatic wheezing, R-sided valvular dz
66
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome findings
recurrent multiple ulcers
67
MEN 1
3P's (diamond): | Pituitary, parathyroid, pancreas
68
MEN 1 p/w
kidney stones and stomach ulcers
69
MEN 2A
2Ps (square) Parathyroid, pheochromocytoma Medullary thyroid carcinoma
70
MEN 2B
1P (triangle) | Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, oral/intestinal ganglioneuromatosis

FA Rapid Review (11 decks)

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