Cardiovascular Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
blood–>cells for ____, cells–>blood for ___
A
nutrients; waste
2
Q
primary roles of circ sys:
A
distribute dissolved gases/cules for nutrition, growth/repair, remove cell waste
3
Q
secondary roles:
A
fast chem signalling (horones, neurotrans), dissipate heat, mediate defence response
4
Q
3 basic functional parts of circ sys?
A
heart, blood, vessels
5
Q
smallest vessels where transport takes place
A
capillaries
6
Q
layer of muscle separating left and right atrium/vesicle
A
septum
7
Q
why is pressure lost when blood flow thru vessels?
A
friction
8
Q
flowing component=___energy, hydrostatic component=__energy
A
kinetic; potential
9
Q
flow of blood in tube is directly proportional to _____
A
pressure gradient (NOT absolute pressure)
10
Q
flow is inversely proportional to___
A
resistance
11
Q
what parameters determine resistance?
A
radius, length, viscosity (Poiseuille’s eqution)
12
Q
flow rate/cross sectional area=
A
velocity (more rapid in narrow section)
13
Q
db wall sac fill with thin layer clear fluid
A
pericardium (parietal and visceral)
14
Q
RA–>RV is ___ valve
A
tricuspid
15
Q
LA-LV is __ valve
A
mitral
16
Q
ventricle–>outflow artery is ___ valve
A
semilunar (aortic and pulmonary) –>no connective tendons
17
Q
AV valves need ____
A
chordae tendonae
18
Q
___ cells gen. AP spontaneously
A
autorhythmic
19
Q
depolarize begin in ____ node
A
SA
20
Q
AP originating from SA node initiate ____
A
excitation contraction coupling
21
Q
___ channels responsible for speed of AP gen
A
HCN
22
Q
____ conducts AP from SA pacemaker into left atrium to cause contraction
A
Backman’s bundle
23
Q
conduction pathway>
A
SA node–>AV node–>bundle of His–>bundle branches–>purkinje fibres
24
Q
which ventricle depolarize first?
A
left
25
these recordings show summed electric activity gen by all cells of heart
ECG
26
P wave correspond to:
atrial depolarize
27
PG/PR correspond to:
conduction through AV node and bundle, atrial contraction
28
Q wave correspond to depolarization of:
septum
29
R wave correspond to:
depolarization of ventricular wall
30
S wave correspond to:
complete depolarization of ventricle
31
S-T correspond to:
ventricle contract
32
T wave correspond to:
ventricular repolarization
33
^ HR called ___, v called ___
tachycardia; bradychardia
34
prmature ventricular contractions caused by :
purkinje fibres randomly kick in as pacemaker cuz of lack of O2
35
condition of inherited channelopathy causing delayed repolarization of ventricles
Long QT syndrome
36
5 phases of cardiac cycle:`
1) diastole 2) atrial systole 3) isovolumetric ventricular contraction 4) ventricular ejection 5) isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
37
contraction of atria contribute ___% blood in ventricles
20
38
pressure in ventricle > ___mmHg cause rapid ejection
80
39
max vol in ventricle is ____, min. amount is ___
EDV; ESV
40
amount of blood ejected
stroke vol
41
stroke vol =
EDV-ESV
42
CO =
HR x stroke vol
43
CO is about ___L/min in normal person
5
44
2 factors influence amt force gen by cardio muscle
1) contractility of heart (Ca) 2) length of muscle fibres at beginning of contract (EDV)
45
name of chem that affects contractility:
inotropic agent
46
symp mod of contraction:
1) phosphorylate Ca channels 2) phosphorylate RyR (^ sensitivity, ^ release Ca from SR) 3) sensitize troponin C to calcium , phosphoylate myosin 4) phosphoyrlate SERCA (^ Ca reuptake)
47
organic cules from certain plants that inhibit Na-K ATPase, ^ contractility
cardiac glycosides
48
how does sarcomere length affect stroke volume?
1) ^ length ^ Ca sensitivity, v diameter (less diffusion distance)
2) additional tension on stretch activated Ca channels
49
degree of myocardial stretch before contraction:
preload
50
according to _____, SV ^ w/ ^ diastolic volume (venous return) -->stretch of walls
Frak starling law of heart
51
factors affecting venous return:
skeletal muscle pump ^, resp pump (inspiration), symp constrict of veins
52
end load against which heart contracts to eject blood
afterload (EDV plus pressure in outflow artery)
53
an indirect indicator of afterload:
arterial BP
54
EF (ejection fraction)=
SV/EDV
55
xchange tween blood and cells takes plac eonly in ____
capillaries
56
progressive branching of vessels:
aorta-->arteries-->arterioles-->capillaries-->venules-->veins-->vena cava; pulmonary trunk-->pulmonary arteries -->arterioles-->cap-->venules-->veins-->pulmonary veins
57
endothelial cells secrete__
paracrines
58
"pressure reservoir"
arteries
59
microcirculation consists of:
arterioles, cap, venules
60
capillary bypass vessels (for WBC)
metarterioles
61
have single thin endothelial layer surrounded by basal lamina
capillaries
62
capillaries often found surrounded by _____
pericytes (BBB, contractile cells for communication)
63
3 types of capillaries?
continuous, fenestrated (kidney, GI), discontinuous (lack basal mem, liver and spleen)
64
larger volume, thinner walls, less elastic than arteries
veins (volume reservoir)
65
formation of new blood vessels called:
angiogenesis
66
angiogenic growth factors referred to as:
mitogens
67
once can bring O2 and nutrients to itself, move and spread, that's when tumor is ___
malignant
68
diff between systolic and diastolic pressure known as:
pulse pressure
69
why is MAP not simply avg of sys and dia pressures?
cuz not = amt time spent in each
70
sounds created by pulsatile blood flow thry compressed artery
korotkoff
71
MAP is function of:
CO x R
72
small changes in blood vol primarily resolved by:
kidneys (slow, long term)
73
3 factors that influence arteriole resistance?
1) local control (myo, para) 2) symp reflex 3) hormones
74
capillaries are arranged in ___ to lower aggregate resistance
parallel
75
vasc smth muscle ability reg ownn state of contraction called _____
myogenic autoregulation (^ BP cause constrict)
76
arterioles contain variety of _____ channels
stretch activated TRP
77
_____ matches blood flow to ^ metabolism
active hyperemia
78
_____ follows period of v blood flow
reactive hyperemia
79
main determinant of R in arterioles is :
symp control (a adrenergic) -->norepinephrine cause vaso constriction with alpha and epinephrine vasodilation with beta
80
reg of cardio function in ____ in medulla oblongata
CVCC
81
primary reflex path for homeostatic control of MAP
baroreceptor reflex (carotid, aorta)
82
hypothal is capable alter cardio function in response to emotional stress, called:
vasovagal syncope (parasymp v in HR)
83
capillary xchange occur thru ___ or ____
diffusion ; transcytosis
84
bulk flow of fluid-->capillaries is called ___
absorption
85
bulk flow fluid out of capillaries called ___
filtration
86
P in blood vessels drive fluid out of capillaries called :
hydrostatic pressure
87
pressure draw fluid into caps (created by plasma proteins) called:
colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure
88
overall there is net ___ from capillary network and a loss of ___L fluid/day
filtration; 3
89
net pressure =
hydrostatic pressure-colloid osmotic P (positve=filtration, neg=absorption)
90
PH / pi =
difference between capillary and interstitial space
91
lymph system has ___ which contain immune cells
nodes
92
potent vasodilator
adenosine
93
abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial space
edema
94
why edema happpen?
1) inadequate lymph drainage
| 2) disrupt normal balance between cap filtration/absorption
95
if clot blocks blood flow to heart, ____ ensues
myocardial infarction
96
why myocardial infarction happen
lack O2-->ATP v-->Ca accumulate in cyto-->close gap junctions, electrically isolate damaged cells-->arrhytmia
97
hypertension doubles for each ____mmHg ^ BP
20/10
98
90% hypertensive patients have ___ hypertension
primary (genetics, ^ peripheral R, lack NO)
99
5-10% hypertensive cases is ___
secondary (endocrine disorder)
100
effects of hypertension?
baroreceptors adapt to high P, down regulate activity; promote plaque activity; ^ afterload; hypertrophy (can't meet work load and fail)
101
hypertensive treatments
Ca channel block (L type), diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone )
