Reproduction Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
three sets of sex organs?
A
gonads, internal genitalia, external genitalia
2
Q
examples of abnormal sex chrom distribution?
A
disomic gametes, nullsomic gametes
3
Q
why does abnormal sex chrom distribution occur?
A
non-disjunction
4
Q
having just an X is called ___ syndrome
A
Turner
5
Q
having XXY is called ___ syndrome
A
klinefelter’s
6
Q
which one is non viable: Y, XXX, XYY
A
Y
7
Q
X-linked recessive gene disorders more commly affect ____
A
males
8
Q
examples of X-linked recessive gene disorders?
A
muscular dystrophy, color blindness, hemophilia
9
Q
what causes tortoiseshell pattern on cats?
A
allele for one colour is paternal X, other is maternal. One of the two is shut off in each cell at random.
10
Q
reproductive structures don’t start differentiate until ____ week; before this, considered _____
A
7th; bipotential
11
Q
Wolffian duct is associated with ____, Mullerian duct associated with ____
A
males; females
12
Q
what does Sry gene do?
A
produces testis determining factor (TDF)
13
Q
testes produce these 3 hormones influencing development:
A
anti-mullerian hormone; testosterone; dihydrotestosterone
14
Q
what does testosterone do?
A
converts Wolffian ducts into male accessory structures
15
Q
what are the male accessory structures?
A
epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles
16
Q
what does dihydrotestosterone do?
A
it’s a byproduct of testosterone to differentiate external genitalia (more potent than testosterone)
17
Q
in females, genital tubercle forms ___ while in males it turns into ___
A
clitoris; glans penis
18
Q
external genitalia development driven by presence/absence of?
A
androgens (DHT)
19
Q
urethral folds and grooves form ___ in F, ___ in M
A
labia minora, opening of vagina and urethra; shaft of penis
20
Q
labioscrotal swellings form __ in F, __ in M
A
labia majora; shaft of penis and scrotum
21
Q
defective gene for _____ causes no conversion of testosterone–>dihydrotestosterone, so appears F at birth
A
5a-reductase
22
Q
how do ovum move?
A
beating of cilia, smooth muscle contraction
23
Q
only flagellated cell in human body?
A
sperm
24
Q
4 stages of gametogenesis:
A
1) mitosis of germ cells (46 chrom)
2) meiosis (92 chroms)
3) first meiotic div (46)
4) second meiotic div (23)
25
in F, germ cells known as ____
oogonia
26
mitosis and first stage of meiosis occurs by ___ month of development, resumes at ___
fifth; puberty
27
ovary does not undergo secondary div until ___
fertilized
28
secondary oocyte is referred to as:
egg
29
M germ cells are called:
spermatogonia
30
mitosis of spermatogonia only starts at ___
puberty
31
Why don't polar bodies survive?
uneven div, polar bodies very small w/ very little cyto and few organelles
32
testosterone is converted to estradiol with this enzyme
aromatase
33
this hormone is produced in arcuate nuclei of hypothalamus
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone
34
2 gonadotropes?
follicle stim hormone, luteinizing hormone
35
this hormone has neg. feedback up to a point, but once reach higher [ ] have + feedback, drive GnRH/LH release
estrogen
36
inhibins and activins influence ____ release
FSH
37
neurons that influence GnRH
Kisspeptin
38
GnRH is released from hypothal in ___ fashion every ____hrs
pulsatile; 1-3
39
environmental estrogens found in:
soy products, plants as phytoestrogens
40
parts of penis
urethra, corpus spongiosum, corpora cavernosa, glans, prepuce
41
removal of prepuce is called
circumcision
42
perks of circumcision?
better hygiene, lower cancer, STI, UTI, HIV risk
43
what is cryptorchidism?
failure of testes to descend into scrotum
44
prob in men over 50?
benign prostatic hypertrophy
45
___ involved in prostate development, _____ blocks urethra and shrinks prostate
DHT; 5a-reductase inhibitor (finasteride)
46
DHT is also involved in?
allopecia (blocked by propecia to prevent baldness)
47
coiled structure where maturity of sperm takes place
epididymis
48
testosterone produced here
Leydig cells
49
place of sperm production
seminiferous tubule
50
these cells regulate sperm development and are often referred to as "sustentacular cells"
sertoli cells
51
sertoli cells produce:
activin/inhibin, growth factors, androgen binding protein
52
complete meiosis one germ cell in F produce ___ gametes, __ gametes in M
1; 4
53
parts of sperm cells?
acrosome (form cap on nucleus), mid piece (lots of mito for energy)
54
FSH binds to receptors on ____ cells, causing production of _____
sertoli; paracrines, growth factors, ABP, inhibin
55
LH targets ____ cells, resulting in production of _____
interstitial Leydig; testosterone
56
sperm + secretions o accessory glands =
semen
57
what are the accessory glands?
seminal veseicle, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland
58
androgens are ____ hormones
anabolic
59
cells that primarily regulate spermatogenesis?
Sertoli cells
60
external female genitalia collectively referred to as:
vulva/pudendum
61
female external genitalia include:
clitoris, labium minus/majus, urethral opening, vagina, hymen
62
between vagina and uterus is ___
cervix
63
what are 3 layers of uterus>
thin outer perimetrium, thick mid smooth muscle myometrium, endometrium inner layer
64
function of fimbraie?
ensure eggs released from ovary enter fallopian tube
65
parts of ovary?
outer cortex, central medulla (stroma)
66
mature follicle is characterized by development of ___
antrum
67
phases of ovarian cycle?
ollicular, ovulation, luteal
68
ovarian cycle also called?
uterine cycle
69
phases of uterine cycle?
menses, proliferative, secretory
70
estrogen is dominant in this phase:
folllicular phase
71
ovulation is triggered by ____
LH mostly (some FSH)
72
progesterone is dominant in this phase:
luteal phase
73
FSH acts on___ cells,LH on ___ cells
granulosa; thecal
74
estrogen positive feedback on ___ cells, negative feedback in _____
granulosa; anterior pituitary
75
cell death of most follicles is called:
atresia
76
why is there surge in LH?
inhibin inhibits FSH (inhibin released by granulosa cells)
77
thecal and granular cells turn into ____ cells
luteal
78
corpus luteum has life span of ___ days, then apoptosis to become corpus ____
12; albicans
79
during menstruation, about ____ mL blood, ___mL serous fluid/debris
40; 30
80
4 phases of human sex response
1) excitement 2) plateau 3) orgasm 4) resolution
81
erection in both sexes is state of _____
vasocongestion
82
receptors for tactile stimuli are found in :
erogenous zones
83
in erection reflex, acetylcholine acts on ___ cells to produce NO, then they diffuse into _____ cells and cause muscle ____
endothelial; smooth muscle; relaxation
84
what is engorgement?
when cavernosal arteries dilate, veins compressed and comporal tissue swell, engorge corp tissue with blood
85
emission is under ___ control, ejaculation is under ___ control
sympathetic; somatic
86
erection and ejaculation can occur in absence of ____ stimulation
mechanical
87
nonsexual erection occur in ___ sleep
REM
88
erectile dysfunction can be early warning of signs of ____
cardiovasc disease
89
how to treat ED?
sildenafil and other PDE5 inhibitors (viagra)
90
how does sildenafil inhibit erectile dysfunction?
activates myosin light chain phosphatase and increases SR Ca reuptake
91
drug used for female sexual dysfunction?
flibanserin (addyi)
92
flibanserin decrease ___ and increase _____
serotonin; NE and dopamine
93
what does bremelanotide do?
synthetic hormone that act on hypothal, target melanocortin receptor
94
3 categories conraceptive practices?
abstinence, sterilization, interventional methods
95
most effective sterilization methods for female?
tubal ligation
96
most effective sterilization methods for males?
vasectomy (ligation, cauterization, clamping)
97
barrier methods of 1916?
contraceptive jelly
98
barrier method up until 1990s?
sea sponges soaked in vinegar
99
implantation prevention techniques?
intrauterine devices and chems that change properties of endometrium
100
why is IUD often wrapped in copper?
kill sperm, cause mild inflammatory rxn in endometrium to prevent implantation
101
hormonal treatments to decrease gamete production in females?
birth control pills/injections/rings/patch/implant with combo of estrogen and progesterone
102
male hormone contraceptives?
progestin/androgen combination
103
male contraceptives in development?
RISUG/VasalGel, which is reversible inhibition of sperm, injection of polymer gel into vas deferens; vaccines that produce antibodies against eggs/sperm; small-molecule inhibition of BRDT
104
reason for infertility?
usually sperm production (count, morphology, motility); infections; females producing sperm antibodies; retrograde ejaculation
105
sperm count decrease associated with _____
varicocele (excess blood, raise body temp)
106
condition where semen goes back into bladder instead of out, because urinary sphincter doesn't contract properly (male)
retrograde ejaculation
107
examples of infections that cause infertility?
chlamydia, gonorrhea, prostatitis, mumps
108
reasons for female infertility?
ovulation disorders, damaged fallopian tubes, endometriosis, uterine/cervical disorders
109
condition characterized by ^ androgens and formation of cystic follicles
PCOS
110
example of cervical disorder?
cervical stenosis (narrowing of cervix)
111
reasons for damaged fallopian tubes
| ,
STIs, surgery, pelvic tuberculosis
112
polyps exist in ___ lining, fibroids in ___ lining
endometrial; myometrial
113
how does in vitro fertilization work?
1) woman given hormone treatments stim egg production 2) multiple eggs taken from woman's ovaries 3) eggs mixed with sperm cells in culture dish 4) fertilized eggs placed in incubator 5) embryos implanted in woman's uterus or frozen for future implanting
114
types of artificial insemination?
intravaginal insemination, intracervical insemination, intrauterine insemination
115
what is capacitation?
sperm sheds surface molecules to allow them to swim fast and penetrate an egg
116
egg is viable to be fertilized for ____ hours post ovulation, sperm remain viable in female repro tract for ___ days
12-24; 5-6
117
of millions sperm that are deposited, about ____ reach the fallopian tubes
100
118
sperm need to penetrate loosely connected __ cells and ____ layer by secreting enzymes from their ___
granulosa; zona pellucida; acrosomes
119
steps of fertilization?
1) plasma mems fuse 2) cortical reaction 3) sperm nucleus move into cyto of egg 4) oocyte nucleus complete meiosis 5) sperm and egg nuclei fuse to form zygote
120
why is cortical reaction important?
prevent polyspermy (don't get fertilized by multiple sperm)
121
implantation in endometrium happens ___ days after fertilization
7
122
fertilized egg by day 4-5 is called:
blastocyst (100 cells)
123
how does blastocyst burrow into uterine wall?
secretes enzyme
124
blastocyst has ___ which becomes embryo and other extraembryonic membranes; outer cell layer forms a membrane called ___ that forms the placenta
inner cell mass; chorion
125
this becomes part of umbilical cord
allantois
126
this secretes amniotic fluid
amnion
127
placenta grow to about __cm and receive ___% maternal CO
20; 10
128
corpus luteum has ____ day life cycle
12
129
how to prevent corpus luteum from degenerate?
embryo secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (similar to LH), and continues progesterone secretion
130
hCG stim ___ production in developing testes in male fetus
testosterone
131
hormone used to detect pregnancy in pregnancy test
hCG
132
this hormone develops milk secreting ducts in breasts
estrogen
133
similar to growth hormone, this hormone alters mother's gluc and f.a. metabolism to support fetal growth; can cause insulin insensitivity (gestational diabetes)
human placental lactogen
134
the birth process is referred to as:
parturition
135
rhythmic contractions of uterus is called:
labour
136
theories about initiation of labour?
oxytocin or placenta releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (more likely)
137
hormone used to induce labour
oxytocin
138
during puberty, ___ stim growth of milk ducts; during pregnancy, further develop due to _____; final development depend on ____
estrogen; estro, GH, cortisol; progesterone
139
milk production controlled by ____ , which is controlled by _____
prolactin; prolactin inhibitory hormone
140
_____ causes milk ejection
oxytocin
