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Respiratory Flashcards

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1
Q

Four primary functions of resp system

A

1) xchange gas
2) homeostatic pH regulation
3) protect from pathogens and irritants
4) vocalization

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2
Q

air exchange occurs by __ flow

A

bulk

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3
Q

what are the 3 principles of bulk flow?

A

1) high P to low P
2) muscular pump create P gradient
3) R determined by tube diameter

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4
Q

what are the 2 types of respiration?

A

cellular + external

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5
Q

What are the 4 steps of external respiration?

A

1) atmosphere to lung
2) lung to blood
3) transport of gases in blood
4) blood to cells

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6
Q

what is ventilation?

A

exchange 1, between atm and lung

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7
Q

what are alveoli responsible for?

A

xchange between resp and cardio systems

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8
Q

what are structures involved in ventilation/gas exchange?

A

alveoli, conducting system/airways, bones/muscles of thorax

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9
Q

the __ lung is smaller than the __ lung because of the ___ notch

A

left; right; cardiac

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10
Q

Each lung is surrounded by ____ which has __ layers

A

pleural sac; 2

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11
Q

layer of pleural sac connected to outside surface of lungs?

A

visceral pleura

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12
Q

layer of pleural sac connected to inside surface of thoracic cavity?

A

parietal pleura

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13
Q

what is the purpose of pleural sac?

A

create moist slippery surface and hold lungs tight to thoracic wall

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14
Q

semiflexible tube held open with 15-20 cartilage rings

A

trachea

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15
Q

vocal cords are ___, wind pipe is ___

A

larynx; trachea

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16
Q

role of upper airways and bronchii?

A

warming air to body temp, adding water vapor, filtering foreign material

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17
Q

why is nose breathing more efficient?

A

nasal cavity has large SA, rich blood supply, hair to catch debris; shape of airway cause particles embed in mucus of pharynx and slide to esophagus

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18
Q

epithelial cells produce ___ and goblet cells produce ___

A

saline; mucus

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19
Q

mucus contains:

A

immunoglobins

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20
Q

____ cells contain cilia which push the mucus towards the ____ in what is called the _____ escalator

A

epithelial; pharynx; mucocilliary escalator

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21
Q

why is saline necessary for mucocillary escalator?

A

without it, cilia would become embedded in thick mucus layer and unable to move

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22
Q

saline secretion occurs with ____ channels and the movement of ___ and ___ ions

A

CFTR; Na; Cl

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23
Q

condition caused by autosomal recessive mutation in gene producing CFTR

A

cystic fibrosis

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24
Q

what are three symptoms of cystic fibrosis?

A

1) reduced production saline
2) mucus can’t be cleared, so bacteria colonize (lung infections)
3) GI+pancreas cysts, fibrosis

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25
how many alveoli in adult resp sys?
300-600 million
26
where are alveoli located?
at ends of bronchioles
27
Type 1 alveolar cells are for ___, Type 2 are for synthesizing ____
gas exchange (thin, make up 95% SA); surfactant (and dividing to make new type 1 to replace damaged areas)
28
pulmonary circ is __ flow rate and ___ pressure, due to __ resistance
high; low; low
29
why is pulmonary circ low resistance?
shorter circuit, more distensible, larger CS area
30
Blood and air are both fluids. True or False?
True
31
1mmHg=___cmH20; 760mmHh=___kPa
1.36; 101.325
32
How to find Pgas in humid air?
(Patm-PH2O)x% gas in atm
33
what is Boyles Law?
P1V1=P2V2
34
Total ventilation during rest is found by calculating the product of ____ and ____ of breaths
tidal volume; frequency
35
additional air that can still be inspired after quiet insp?
inspiratory reserve vol
36
inspiratory reserve vol is about ___mL , expiratory reserve vol is about ___mL, residual volume is about ____mL
3000; 1100; 1200
37
this lung volume is measured by amount of helium and functional residual capacity
residual volume
38
what are the two important functions of residual volume?
prevent airway collapse and allow continuous gas exchange
39
what are the 4 lung capacities?
total lung capacity, functional residual capacity, inspiratory capacity, vital capacity
40
60-75% inspiratory vol change due to ___
diaphragm
41
25-40% inspiratory vol change due to ____ and ____
external intercostals (bucet handle); scalenes (pump handle)
42
quiet expiration is ____
passive
43
muscles involved in forced inspiration are:
sternonucleidomastoids, neck/back muscles, upper resp tract muscles
44
muscles involved in forced expiration are:
abs, internal intercostals, triangulas sterni, neck/back
45
intrapleural pressure is approx ___mmHg
-3
46
spontaneous or traumatic interruption in intrapleural pressure resulting in a collapsed lung:
pneumothorax
47
70% of spontaneous pneumothorax due to:
emphysema
48
stretchiness of lung is called:
compliance
49
elastic recoil of lung is called:
lung elastance
50
a condition resulting in decreased compliance because of excess fibrous connective tissue in lungs
pulmonary fibrosis
51
what causes pulmonary fibrosis?
inhalation of pollutants, infection, genes, age
52
what is the main cause of emphysema?
cigarette smoking
53
condition where proteolytic enzymes secreted by leukocytes called neutrophils attack alveolar tissue
emphysema
54
what does emphysema cause in the body?
, weakening alveoli walls and creating airway resistance, reducing SA, and causing loss of lung recoil
55
___ at air/water interface is important determinant of compliance/recoil
surface tension
56
what is Laplace's equation?
P=2T/r
57
surfactant is about 90% ____, 10% ____
phospholipids; protein
58
what does surfactant do?
it reduces surface tension, regulates alv size, increases compliance, decreases fluid accumulation in alv (prevent collapse)
59
this condition happens in premature infants who can't make enough surfactant
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome
60
How do you prevent IRDS?
glucocorticoid injection
61
90% airway R occur in __ and __
trachea and bronchi
62
bronchoconstriction is mediated by _______, dilation by _____
parasymp, histamines, leukotreienes; CO2, epinephrine (B2 receptors)
63
chronic inflammatory condition with ^ resistance, smooth muscle hypersensitive to stim like exercise/allergens/temp change
asthma
64
infrequent asthma attacks treated with _____, frequent attacks w/ ___
B2-adrenergic agonist (inhaler); weekly inhaled corticosteroid
65
why is total pulmonary vent not equal to total alveolar vent?
because of 150 mL of anatomical dead space (not take part in gas xchange)
66
how to calculate alv vent?
vent rate x (TV-deadspace)
67
normal breathing is refered to as ____
eupnea
68
increased respiratory rate/volume in response to increased metabolism would be called ____
hyperpnea
69
what is an example of hyperpnea?
exercising
70
increased resp rate/vol with no increased metabol would be called:
hyperventilation
71
Examples of hyperventilation would be:
emotional response, blowing a balloon
72
what would be an example of hypoventilation?
asthma
73
rapid breathing, characterized by panting would be called:
tachypnea
74
difficulty breathing, can be caused by extreme exercise, called:
dyspnea
75
what causes apnea?
depression of the CNS control centre
76
alveolar blood flow is also known as:
perfusion
77
pulmonary arterioles primarily influenced by _____, bronchioles by _____
decreasing O2 levels (constrict) CO2 lvl (v cause constrict and ^ cause dilate)
78
impaired diffusion/transport results in ____, which is often paired with excess CO2 called ___
hypoxia; hypercapnia
79
type of hypoxia caused by low arterial Po2 because of high altitude:
hypoxic
80
type of hypoxia caused by v lvl O2 bound to hemo because of CO poisoning
anemic
81
type of hypoxia caused by v blood flow
ischemic
82
type of hypoxia caused by cell poisoning by cyanide
histotoxic
83
what are the 3 variables body respond to, prevent hypoxia/hypercapnia?
O2 (ATP production), CO2 (CNS depress, acid precursor), pH (protein denature)
84
what causes alveolar hypoventilation?
morphine/alcohol can v rate/depth of breath, ^ R, v lung compliance, CNS issues
85
if hypoxia not caused by hypovent in alv or alt in atm PO2 then it is because:
there is a prob w/ gas xchange between alv and blood
86
what is the main determinant of diffusion? What are some of the others?
concentration gradient; SA, barrier permeability, diffusion distance, solubility of gas
87
which is more soluble in water: O2 or CO2
CO2
88
what is the mass flow equation?
O2 transport = CO x O2 [ ]
89
what is the mass balance equation?
arterial O2 transport - venous O2 transport = QO2
90
what is the Fick equation?
CO x (arterial [O2] - Venous [O2]) = QO2
91
our body only uses about ___ circulating O2
1/4
92
> ___% O2 in blood bound to hemoglobin, __% in plasma
98; 2
93
how many Hb in one RBC?
250 million
94
what is law of mass action?
[ ] free O2 ^, more O2 bind Hb to make HbO2
95
plasma O2 depend on alveolar PO2 which depends on:
comp of inspired air, alv. vent rate, efficiency of gas xchange
96
why does fetal hemoglobin have higher % saturation Hb?
2 gamma instead of beta strip away more O2
97
what are physical factors altering Hb affinity for O2?
pH (Bohr effect), PCO2, temp, 2,3 DPG
98
what conditions cause ^ DPG?
chronic hypoxia, anemia, ^ altitude
99
__% CO2 dissolved, __% converted to bicarbonate, ___% bind to HbCO2
7; 70; 23
100
HCO3 enter plasma in xchange for ___
chloride (chloride shift)
101
purposes of CO2-->bicarbonate conversion?
act as buffer, provide additional means transport
102
what catalyzes CO2-->bicarbonate rxn?
carbonic anhydrase
103
what two mechs to prevent equilibrium of CO2 and HCO3?
Hb mop up xs H+, Cl- exchanger remove HCO3 from RBC
104
resp. neurons in ___ control insp and exp muscles; contains pacemaker
medulla
105
neurons in __ integrate sensory info and interact with medullary neurons, help smooth breathing but not vital
pons
106
ventilation modulated by ___ reflexes and by ____ centres
chemo/mechanoreceptor linked; higher brain
107
medulla contains ___ which contains ___ that mainly controls ___ muscles
NTS; DRG; inspiratory
108
this nerve is associated with the diaphragm and DRG
phrenic
109
this nerve is assoc w/ ext. intercostals and DRG
intercostal
110
VRG contains _____ complex that contains ___ neurons
pre-botzinger; pacemaker
111
VRG controls muscles of ___ insp/exp and keeps upper airways ___
active; open
112
peripheral chemoreceptors are ___ and ___ bodies; the latter contains ___ cells
aortic; carotid; glomus
113
what do periph chemorecep respond to mainly? what other things they respond to?
^ CO2; large drop PO2, ^ H+
114
central chemorecep found in ___ respond mainly to changes in ____ and pH changes in ____ caused by CO2
medulla; PCO2; Cerebrospinal fluid
115
can H+ cross the BBB?
no
116
what are H+ sensitive channels called
ASIC
117
stretch receptors in lung are involved with _____ reflex
Herring-Breuer
118
How do irritant receptors in lungs respond to noxious gas/inhaled particles?
send input to CNS integration centre, parasymp outputs cause bronchoconstrict, shallow breating, turbulent airflow-->irritant deposited in mucosa
119
why can't we hold our breath until we die?
chemoreceptors take over, when go unconscious subconscious reflexes take over

Phys 208 (10 decks)

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