Cardiovascular

Question 1

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 1

Artery disease caused by fatty material on the inside walls

Question 2

What is a thrombus formation?

Answer 2

Blood clot (occlusion of blood supply) which leads to infarction then death

Question 3

How to define reduced blood supply to the heart?

Answer 3

ischaemia

Question 4

What are the 5 risk factors to atherosclerosis?

Answer 4

Smoking
High cholesterol
Hypertension (HBP= systolic >160, / diastolic=>90)
Diabetes
Genes

Question 5

What are the symptoms of acute peripheral vascular disease? (4)

Answer 5

Ischaemic pain
Numb limb
Cold
Pain at rest

Question 6

How to deal with acute atherosclerosis?

Answer 6

9999

Question 7

What the symptoms of chronic peripheral vascular disease?

Answer 7

Intermittent claudication- Pain when walking a long distance

Question 8

Management of atherosclerosis?

Answer 8

Lifestyle changes
Exercise
Surgery

Question 9

Abdominal aortic aneurysm- what is it?

Answer 9

Dilated aorta from atherosclerosis

Question 10

What is angina?

Answer 10

Lack of blood to the heart due to narrowing of conorary arteries

Question 11

What are the symptoms of angina?

Answer 11

Visceral pain

Central chest pain travelling down arm, jaw, shoulders

Question 12

What drugs may someone be on if they have angina?

Answer 12

GTN spray
Statins for cholesterol
B blockers- Bisoprolol
Amlodipine - CC blocker
Aspirin (+-) clopidogrel
Nicorandil- be careful. Ulceration- taken straight off it

Question 13

What to do if unstable angina attack?

Answer 13

Oxygen, GTN, 999, Letter

Question 14

what are the symptoms of a heart attack? (5)

Answer 14

Crushing chest pain
Impending doom
LOC
Sweating
Cold

Question 15

How to manage a heart attack?

Answer 15

Give O2
Nitrates to open the arteries
999
Don't lie flat
ABC if LOC
Aspirin 300mg

Question 16

What are ACE inhibitors used to treat?

Answer 16

High Blood Pressure

Question 17

Why should you avoid NSAIDS?

Answer 17

It can cause odeama

Question 18

Unstable heart condition?

Answer 18

Avoid treatment

Question 19

What can cause valvular heart disease?

Answer 19

Genetics
Infective endocarditis
Age related
(often mitral/aortic valves)

Question 20

What are the 2 types of valvular heart disease?

Answer 20

1. Regurgitation ( floppy valves & leads to leaky heart)

2. Stenosis (narrowing of the valve- leads to inadequate flow and pump failure)

Question 21

Treatment of valvular heart disease?

Answer 21

Medication

Surgery (valve replacement/ stent)

Question 22

Once a patient has had a stent what medication might they be on?

Answer 22

Warfarin to thin the blood as the blood cannot stick to the stent

Question 23

What is the INR levels for someone with metal valves?

Answer 23

Usually >3

Question 24

What is there a risk of if someone has had valvular heart surgery?

Answer 24

Infective endocarditis
Even toothbrushing can cause infection
Perfect OH must maintain

Question 25

What is infective endocarditis?

Answer 25

Diseased valves due to bacteraemia

Question 26

What are the dental aspects for infective endocarditis?

Answer 26

Maintain good OH Good preventative treatment (fluoride, CHX) Avoid surgery

Question 27

What is the beats per minute for a heart rate too fast and too slow?

Answer 27

``` >100 = too fast <60 = too slow ```

Question 28

What are the symptoms of cardiac arrhythmias?

Answer 28

Nil Palpitations Syncope Chest pain

Question 29

What drugs control atrial fibrillation??

Answer 29

Digoxin Atropine Anticoagulants if no contra indications

Question 30

When is superventricular tachycardia a worry?

Answer 30

With Wolf-parkinson white (cardiac arrest) | Give carotid sinus massage

Question 31

Ventricular arrhythmia?

Answer 31

Emergency

Question 32

Ventricular fibrillation?

Answer 32

Cardiac arrest

Question 33

With cardiac patients, what La should be used?

Answer 33

Prilocaine with octapressin

Question 34

What is Bupropion?

Answer 34

Aids smoking cessation

Question 35

What side effects can Bupropion have?

Answer 35

Dry mouth | Taste disturbance

Question 36

What are statins used for?

Answer 36

High Cholesterol

Question 37

How long after an MI should you not treat someone?

Answer 37

Don't treat till after 1 month post MI