Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

HES 383 > Cardiovascular Aging Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Aging Pt. 2 Flashcards

(61 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what causes degeneration of elastin and increased collagen in arteries

A

aging, which leads to changes like crosslinking and Ca2+ buildup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what happens to systolic and diastolic pressure with age

A

systolic pressure increases and diastolic pressure decreases due to arterial stiffening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the effect of endothelial dysfunction of blood pressure

A

causes vasoconstriction, increased peripheral resistance, and increased systolic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how much does systolic pressure increase from 20-80 YO

A

~30mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

~80% of the population have _______ by 80 YO

A

have isolated systolic hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does aortic impedance represent

A

left ventricular afterload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is left ventricular afterload

A

the force needed from the LV in order to eject blood into the aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does increased and earlier wave reflection contribute to

A

aortic pressure during systolic and affects coronary perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

wear and tear of the arteries is a result from

A

fracture of aortic elastic lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how is a pulse wave generated

A

by each ejection of stroke volume from the left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a pulse wave reflection

A

when a pulse hits a branching point in the arteries and bounces back toward the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what happens to a pulse wave when is hits a bifurcation point

A

a reflected wave is generated and returns back to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what affects the timing and velocity of the reflected wave

A

depend on the stiffness of the large elastic arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the augmentation pressure determined by

A

the size and timing of the reflected wave and is a reflection of arterial stiffness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what happens to the reflected wave in younger more elastic arteries

A

the reflected wave is slow and reaches the heart during diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what happens to reflected wave in older more stiff arteries

A

the reflected wave gets back to the heart sooner during systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

when does the blood enter the coronary arteries occur

A

during the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does early wave reflection result in

A

less contribution to coronary circulation during diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does the heart do to pump into stiffened arteries

A

it maintains a higher force of contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what happens due to more forceful ejection in stiffened arteries

A

a pulse pressure that extends into the microvasculature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the risk of fragile capillaries due to high pulse pressure

A

higher risk of thrombosis and rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what happens to augmentation and pulse pressure in stiff large arteries

A

they both increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how does pulse travel through stiff large arteries

A

travels faster, and is measured as pulse wave velocity (PWV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is PWV related to

A

the intrinsic elasticity of the arterial wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
where does earlier wave reflection occur
in stiff large arteries
26
what is high plasticity in the cerebral microcirculation associated with
changes in the brain commonly seen in Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia
27
what are cardiac consequences of increased systolic blood pressure
- Increased left ventricular afterload - higher force - greater force required and larger muscle mass means higher metabolic demands of the heart - coronary perfusion
28
what are the results of cardiac metabolic demand exceeds blood supply
myocardial ischemia
29
what is coronary perfusion during diastole
when blood flows into the coronary arteries
30
what are the consequences of aging on coronary perfusion
- shorter duration of diastole - decreased diastole blood pressure - early wave reflection
31
what is shorter duration of diastole due to and result in
LV hypertrophy and slower rates of LV relaxation resulting in less time for blood to flow into coronary circulation
32
what is myocardial ischemia
insufficient blood flow to meet metabolic demands of the left ventricle
33
what are the consequences of myocardial ischemia
angina pectoris and arrhythmias
34
what is angina pectoris
chest pain due to myocardial ischemia
35
what is arrhythmias
heart rhythm disturbances
36
what is myocardial ischemia arrhythmias due to
metabolite build up and increased fibrosis within the myocardium
37
what does myocardial ischemia lead to
build up of metabolites in the coronary bloodstream
38
what occurs overtime due to myocardial ischemia
the overworked and under oxygenated heart muscle fatigues increasing the risk of heart failure and congestive heart failure (CHF)
39
what are the mechanisms of pathological ventricular remodeling
1) cardiomyocyte loss, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and fibrosis 2) lead to ischemic phenotypes and hypertrophic phenotypes 3) results in heart failure
40
what is heart failure
when the ventricle has weakened and can no longer maintain the cardiac output required
41
what is the cause of heart failure
- coronary artery disease - chronic uncontrolled high systolic blood pressure - arrythmias or heart attack that has weakened the heart muscle
42
what is a congestive heart failure
blood back up that results in fluid to be forced out of capillaries and into surrounding tissues
43
what are the mechanisms that atherosclerosis accelerates the progression of CVD
1) plaque formation 2) Inflammation 3) increased blood pressure 4) reduced oxygen supply 5) endothelial dysfunction
44
what is plaque formation regarding atherosclerosis and the progression of CVD
build up of fatty deposits that narrow the arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart
45
what is inflammation regarding atherosclerosis and the progression of CVD
the plaques cause chronic inflammation which can weaken the arterial walls and make them more prone to rupture
46
what is increased blood pressure regarding atherosclerosis and the progression of CVD
narrowed arteries force the heart to pump harder to push blood through
47
what is reduced oxygen supply regarding atherosclerosis and the progression of CVD
when plaques can block blood flow, reducing the oxygen supply to the heart muscle
48
what is endothelial dysfunction regarding atherosclerosis and the progression of CVD
atherosclerosis damages the endothelium impairs its ability to regulate blood flow and clotting
49
what are the effects of aging on blood pressure regulation
central control of blood pressure by the baroreceptor reflex
50
what are baroreceptors located in
in the walls of the carotid artery and aortic arch
51
what do baroreceptors respond to
increased BP by increasing firing rate
52
where does the baroreceptor reflex signal to
the cardiovascular control center in the medulla
53
what is the baroreceptor reflex response
to restore BP
54
what are the effects of aging on BP regulation impaired by
- stiffer blood vessels - decreased baroreceptor sensitivity to stretch - decreased SNS response of heart and vasculature
55
what does aging and systolic BP elevation cause
impaired BP regulation that results in acute hypotension then cerebral hypoperfusion
56
what are symptoms of BP regulation
light-headedness, dizziness, blurred vision, weakness, nausea, and feeling faint
57
what are the consequences of BP regulation
syncope, falls, and long term cognitive dysfunction, increased morbidity, and mortality
58
what is orthostatic hypotension
a drop of BP of at least 20 mmHg (systolic) and/or at least 10mmHg (diastolic) when moving from a supine position to upright within 3 minutes of standing
59
what is orthostatic hypotension due to
an impaired BP response to the drop in venous return that normally occurs on assuming an upright position
60
~ 30% of adults greater than 70 YO experience what
orthostatic hypotension
61
what is the treatment for orthostatic hypotension
maintain a healthy water intake, healthy salt intake, compressions stockings, and slight inclined position while sleeping

HES 383 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions