Pulmonary Aging - Structural & Functional Changes

Question 1

what does the respiratory system functions in conjunction with

Answer 1

the cardiovascular system to determine functional capacity

Question 2

what ages does pulmonary function and aerobic capacity each deline by 40%

Answer 2

between 30-80 YO

Question 3

what are the different properties of the lung

Answer 3

• compliance
• elasticity
• alveoli
• chest wall
• structural proteins
• surfactant

Question 4

what is lung compliance

Answer 4

when the lungs expand with minimal force

Question 5

what is lung elasticity

Answer 5

the lungs can spring back after being stretched

Question 6

what are alveoli

Answer 6

thin walls that are lined with a single layer of epithelial cells for efficient gas exchange

Question 7

what is the chest wall

Answer 7

a compliant, aiding in expansion and alveoli support

Question 8

what is strucutral properties of the lungs

Answer 8

collagen and elastin that provide compliance and elastance preventing airway collapse

Question 9

what is lung surfactant

Answer 9

the fluid lining alveoli and reducing surface tension and aiding compliance

Question 10

what are age-related changes of the lungs

Answer 10

• increased stiffness of chest wall
• decreased muscle mass
• reduced mucocilliary clearance
• decreased elastic fibers
• increased cross-linked collegan
• enlarger alveolar ducts and alveoli

Question 11

what does increased stiffness of the chest wall result in

Answer 11

increased work of breathing

Question 12

what does a decreae in elastic fiber and an increased cross-linked collagen result in

Answer 12

decreased elasticity

Question 13

what are the structural changes to the lung with aging

Answer 13

increased collagen fiber crosslinking and elastic fiber fracture resulting in dilation of alveolar ducts and enlargement of air spaces

Question 14

what are the different consequences of strucutral changes to the lung due to aging

Answer 14

• decreased surface area and efficiency of gas exchange
• decreased elastic recoil and surface tension
• decreased airway tehtering

Question 15

what are the results from the consequences of structural changes to the lung due to aging

Answer 15

increased lung compliance, resistance to airflow during expiration and air trapping

Question 16

what are the age-related extrapulmonary structural changes that affect lung function

Answer 16

• increased stiffness of the chest wall
• decreased curvature of the diaphragm
• increased stiffness of respiratory muscles
• loss of respiratory muscle mass and strength

Question 17

what are the results of increased stiffness of the chest wall from age-related exrapulmonary structural changes of lung function

Answer 17

degenerative changes of the spine like kyphosis and calcification

Question 18

what is the result of extrapulmonary structural changes to lung function with age

Answer 18

a decreased chest wall compliance

Question 19

what is used to measure pulmonary function

Answer 19

lung volume and lung capacity

Question 20

what are the lung volumes measurements

Answer 20

• tidal volume (TV)
• inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
• expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
• residual volume (RV)
• forced expiration volume in 1 second (FEV1)

Question 21

what are the lung capacitiy measurements

Answer 21

• vital capacity (VC)
• forced vital capacity (FVC)
• inspiratory capacity (IC)
• functional residual capacity (FRC)
• total lung capacity (TLC)

Question 22

how do you calculate vital capacity

Answer 22

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

Question 23

how do you calculate inspiratory capacity

Answer 23

tidal volume + inspiratory reserce volume

Question 24

how do you calculate function residual capacity

Answer 24

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

Question 25

how do you calculate total lung capacity

Answer 25

inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

Question 26

what are the changes in respiratory mechanics that lead to changes in pulmonary function in order

Answer 26

1) alveolar enlargement 2) reduced elastic recoil pressure of the lung 2a) decreaed FEV1 & FVC and increased FRC & RV 3) airway closure 3a) increased FRC and RV 4) reduced chest wall compliance and decreased respiratory muscle strength 4a) increased work of breathing (with exertion)

Question 27

what are the changes in pulmonary function

Answer 27

- increased residual volume and functional residual capacity - decreased vital capacity, inspiratory, and expiratory reserve volumes - total lung copacity remains constant in normal aging

Question 28

what is the result of a forced expiration test

Answer 28

decreased elastic recoil, increased resistance to airflow, and airway closure during expiration that results in decreased forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 second

Question 29

what does dynamic lung function decline show in older adults

Answer 29

expiratory limb of the flow volume loop are obstruction to airflow

Question 30

what is V/Q inequality regarding to age-related changes in gas exchange

Answer 30

increased mismatch in ventilation and perfusion

Question 31

what is decreased DLCO regarding age-related changes in gas exchange

Answer 31

reduced dissusion capacity due to decreased aveolar surface area and capillary density

Question 32

what are the ventilation-perfusion ratios

Answer 32

low V/Q and high V/Q ratios

Question 33

what is the low V/Q ratio

Answer 33

low ventilation to normal perfusion areas

Question 34

what is the high V/Q ratio

Answer 34

high ventilation to areas with inadequate perfusion

Question 35

does age-related respiratory changes affect everyday functioning

Answer 35

no but they do limit capacity during high-intensity activities

Question 36

what increases the risk of age-related lung disease

Answer 36

age-related respiratory changes

Question 37

what are the common age-associated lung pathologies

Answer 37

emphysema, fibrotic lung disease, and pulmonary edema

Question 38

what is emphysema

Answer 38

alveoli destructuion and inflammation

Question 39

what is emphysema due to

Answer 39

cigarette smoke or other airbone pollutants and genetics

Question 40

what is fibrotic lung disease

Answer 40

scar tissue build-up arounf alveoli

Question 41

what is fibrotic lung disease due to

Answer 41

particulate irritants like asbestos

Question 42

what is pulmonary edema

Answer 42

increased interstitial fluid in the lungs

Question 43

what is pulmonary edema due to

Answer 43

congestive heart failure

Question 44

what is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Answer 44

group of chronic respiratory disorders often emphysema and chronic bronchitis

Question 45

how does COPD affect the lungs

Answer 45

progressive and irreversible damage caused by smoking

Question 46

what are strategies for optimizing healthy lung aging

Answer 46

- avoid/quit smoking - avoid severe illness - maintain good air quality - healthy diet with antioxidants - regular PA (aerobic)

Question 47

what are the results of pulmonary exercise physiology and aging

Answer 47

age-related decline in lung function becomes noticeable during exercise and increased expiratory flow limitation and functional residual capacity during exericse

Question 48

what are factors impacting VO2

Answer 48

cardiac output, ventilation, and muscle metabolism

Question 49

what is oxygen consumption rate dependent on

Answer 49

1) muscle metabolism 2) gas transport 3) blood flow matching 4) blood O2 and CO2 carrying capacity 5) cardiac output 6) pulmonary vascular function 7) pulmonary O2 and CO2 transport 8) ventilation regulation

Question 50

how much does VO2 max decline per year after 30 YO

Answer 50

0.5%

Question 51

what is a cardiopulmonary exercise test used for

Answer 51

to evaluate the cardiopulmonary response to exercise at varying intensities

Question 52

what is the 6 minute walk test

Answer 52

assesses aerobic endurance