Cardiovascular And Respiratory System Flashcards
(241 cards)
1
Q
Where is the thorax located?
A
Below the neck and above the abdomen
2
Q
What are the two parts of the thorax?
A
Chest walls
Chest cavity
3
Q
What do the chest walls do? 3 things
A
Protect the heart and lungs
Make movements of breathing
In females contain breast tissue for lactation
4
Q
What r the chest walls made of? 6 things
A
Skeletal structures
Muscles
Tendons
Ligaments
Soft tissues
Underlying skin
5
Q
What does the chest cavity contain? 3 things
A
Visceral structures (heart and lungs)
Major vessels
Nerves
6
Q
Name this structure of the chest wall
A
Clavicle
7
Q
Name this structure of the chest wall
A
Spine of scapula
8
Q
Name this structure of the chest wall
A
Scapula
9
Q
Name this structure of the chest wall
A
Thoracic vertebrae part of the vertebral column
10
Q
Where is T1 located in respect to T12
A
T1 superior to T12
11
Q
How many thoracic vertebrae
A
12
12
Q
How many ribs
A
12 pairs
24
13
Q
How many vertebrae in total?
A
33
14
Q
How many cervical vertebrae?
A
C1-7
15
Q
How many lumbar vertebrae?
A
L1-5
16
Q
How many sacral vertebrae?
A
5 that are fused to form 1 sacrum
17
Q
How many coccygeal vertebrae?
A
4 fused to form 1 coccyx
18
Q
Name this part of the vertebral column
A
Cervical
19
Q
Name this part of the vertebral column
A
Thoracic
20
Q
Name this part of the vertebral column
A
Lumbar
21
Q
Name this part of the vertebral column
A
Sacram
22
Q
Name this part of the vertebral column
A
Coccyx
23
Q
What are primary curves of vertebral column?
A
Anterior concavity
Thoracic
Sacral/coccygeal
24
Q
What are secondary curves of the vertebral column?
A
Posterior concavity
Cervical region
Lumbar region
25
Name this structure
Spinous process
26
Name this structure
Transverse process
27
Name this structure
Vertebral Foramen
28
Name this structure
Vertebral body
29
Name this structure
Pedicle
30
Name this structure
Lamina
31
Name this structure
Superior articular process
32
Name this structure
Inferior articular process
33
What does the spinous process do?
Ligament and muscle attachment
34
What does the transverse process do?
Ligament, muscle and rib articulation
35
What does the vertebral Foramen do?
Transmits and protects the spinal chord
36
What does the vertebral body do?
Weight bearing
37
What does the vertebral arch do?
Protects the spinal chord
38
What does the Pedicle do?
Connects body to arch
39
What does the Lamina do?
Connects processes
40
What does the superior and inferior articular processes do?
Mobility with adjacent vertebrae via synovial facet joints
41
What does a typical rib mean?
Ribs that have the same anatomical features
42
What r the typical ribs number
3-9
43
What are the atypical ribs numbers
1,2,10,11,12
44
Name this structure of rib
Head
45
Name this structure of rib
Articular facet
46
Name this structure of rib
Neck
47
Name this structure of rib
Tubercle
48
Name this structure of rib
Body/shaft
49
Name this structure of rib
Costal groove
50
Where is the costal groove located on the rib
Inferiorly
on deep surface
51
What sits in the costal groove
Neurovascular bundle
52
What is a neurovascular bundle?
Bundle of tissues that contain an artery, nerve and vein
53
How is rib 1 atypical?
Short and broad so least likely to fracture
54
Why is there a scalene tubercle on rib 1?
Attachment of the scalenus anterior muscle
55
What is the anterior groove on rib 1 for?
Subclavian vein
56
What is the groove posterior to the scalene tubercle caused by?
Subclavian artery
57
How many articular facets does rib 1 have on its head?
1
58
How many articular facets does a typical rib have on the head
2
59
Name this structure of rib 1
Head with 1 articular facet
60
Name this structure of rib 1
Tubercle
61
Name this structure of rib 1
Body/shaft
62
Name this structure of rib 1
Scalene tubercle
63
Name this structure of rib 1
Anterior and posterior grooves
64
Rib 2 articulates with which thoracic vertebrae
T2 and T1
65
Where does the tubercle of the rib articulate with on the thoracic vertebrae?
Transverse process
66
What r the joints called between ribs and articular facets called?
Costovertebral joints
67
What types of joints costovertebral joints?
Synovial
68
What r the three parts of the sternum?
Menubrium
Body / mediasternum
Xiphoid process
69
Name this structure
Sternocostal joint
70
Name this structure
Costochondral joints
71
What r the sternocostal joints between
Costal cartilage and sternum
72
Where is the costochondral joint?
Link between the rib and costal cartilage
73
Name this structure
Costal cartilage
74
Name this structure
Costal margin
75
What’s the joint called between the sternum and clavicle
Sternoclavicular joint
76
At what rib level is the sternal angle
2
77
What’s the angle called between the menubrium and the media sternum?
Sternal angle
78
Name this structure
Jugular notch
79
Name this structure
Sternum
80
Name this structure
Xiphoid process
81
Name this structure
Costal margin
82
Name this structure
Pectoralis major muscles
83
Name this structure
Sternal angle at rib level 2
84
Name this structure
Clavicle
85
What layers would a scalpel blade pass through in order to see the underlying anatomy? 3 things
Skin
Superficial fascia /fat/ adipose tissue
Deep fascia
86
Where is the cephalic vein situated?
In the delta-pectoral groove
87
What does the cephalic vein do?
Takes venous blood from the upper limb back towards the veins in the neck
88
Name this structure
Superficial fascia
89
Name this structure
Deep fascia
90
Name this structure
Sensory intercostal nerves
91
Name this structure
Pectoralis major muscle
92
Name this structure
Delto-pectoral groove with cephalic vein
93
Name this structure
Deltoid muscle
94
Name this structure
Clavicle
95
What is the function of the serratus anterior muscles?
Anchor the scapula to the ribs/ thoracic cage
96
What innervates the serratus anterior?
Long thoracic nerve
97
What can happen if in surgery the long thoracic nerve is damaged?
Winged scapula
98
Name this structure
Pectoralis major
99
Name this structure
Thoracic nerve
100
Name this structure
Latissimus dorsi
101
Name this structure
Serratus anterior muscles
102
Where does the Pectoralis minor muscle fit in relation to Pectoralis major?
Minor deep to major
103
Name this structure
Sternum
104
Name this structure
Latissimus dorsi
105
Name this structure
Intercostal muscles
106
Name this structure
Serratus anterior muscles
107
Name this structure
Pectoralis minor
108
Name this structure
Scapula
109
Where do intercostal muscles sit?
Between the ribs
110
What does chondral mean?
Cartilage
111
What are the layers of intercostal muscle from most superficial to deep?
External intercostals
Internal intercostals
Innermost intercostals
112
What do the intercostal muscles do?
Move the chest wall during respiration by pulling the ribs together
113
Where is the neurovascular bundle situated in the muscles between ribs?
In intercostal space between internal and innermost intercostal muscles
114
What does a neurovascular bundle contain?
Vein
Artery
Nerve
115
What does the intercostal neurovascular bundle do?
Carries sensory information to the spinal chord
Carries motor innervation to the intercostal muscles
116
Name this structure
Neurovascular bundle
117
Name this structure
Costal groove
118
Name this structure
External intercostal muscle
119
Name this structure
Internal intercostal muscle
120
Name this structure
Innermost intercostal muscle
121
Name this structure
Lungs
122
What is thoracocentesis?
Sampling fluid from pleural cavity
Via intercostal space
Below intercostal NVB
Above collateral intercostal NVB
123
What type of muscle is the diaphragm?
Skeletal muscle
124
What is the mediastinum?
Space in the chest that hold the heart, lungs and other structures
125
What happens to the pleura in a developing lung?
Ling bud/developing lung displaces pleura
Lung grows till Visceral pleura nearly in contact with parietal pleura
Pleural fluid separate them
Pleural fluid causes them to stick together via surface tension
So when chest walls move lungs move also
126
Where is parietal pleura
On walls of mediastinum
127
Where is visceral pleura?
Part of the pleura that touches the lungs (organ)
128
Where does excess fluid collect in the lungs?
Castodiaphragmatic recess
129
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3
130
What are the three lobes of the right lung?
Superior
Middle
Inferior
131
What are the fissures called in the right lung?
Oblique fissure
Horizontal fissure
132
What are the fissures called in the left lung?
Oblique fissure
133
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2
134
Why doesn’t the left lobe have a middle lobe?
Heart sits towards the left
135
What does the left lobe have instead of a middle lobe?
Lingula
136
What is the lung hilum, what does it contain?
Root of the lung containing
Main bronchus
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins (2)
137
What causes this surface marker in the right lung?
Azygous vein
138
What causes this surface marker in the right lung?
Ribs
139
What causes this surface marker in the right lung?
Diaphragm
140
What causes this surface marker in the right lung?
Heart
141
What causes this surface marker in the right lung?
Superior vena cava
142
Name this nerve
Phrenic nerve
143
Name this structure in the hilum of right lung
Superior pulmonary artery
144
Name this structure in the hilum of right lung?
Posterior airway
Main bronchi
145
What type of cartilage is in the bronchi walls?
Hyaline
146
Name this structure in the hilum of right lung
anterior inferior pulmonary veins
147
Name this structure in the hilum of right lung
Pulmonary lymph nodes
148
What causes this surface marking in the left lung?
Aorta
149
Name this nerve, which lung is it?
Phrenic nerve
Left lung
150
Name this structure in the hilum of the left lung
Superior pulmonary artery
151
Name this structure in the hilum of right lung
Posterior airway
bronchus
152
Name this structure in the hilum of right lung
Anterior inferior pulmonary vein
153
Name this structure in the hilum of right lung
Pulmonary lymph nodes
154
What does the phrenic nerve consist of?
Combined anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves 3,4 and 5
155
Where is the phrenic nerve found 2things?
Anterior surface of scalenus anterior muscle
Descending over the lateral aspect of the heart
156
What does the phrenic nerve do?
Supplies motor and sensory fibres to the skeletal muscle of the diaphragm
157
What are the three steps of inspiration mechanics?
1. Diaphragm contracts and descends
2. Intercostal muscles contract, elevating ribs
3. Pleura pulls the lungs outwards with them
158
3 steps of expiration
1. Diaphragm relaxes and rises
2. Intercostal muscles relax lowering ribs
3. Elastic recoil of lung tissue
159
Name the 4 accessory muscles in forced inspiration?
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenus muscles
160
Name this accessory muscle of inspiration
Pectoralis major
161
Name this accessory muscle of inspiration
Pectoralis minor
162
Name this accessory muscle of inspiration
Sternocleidomastoid
163
Name this accessory muscle of inspiration
Scalene muscles including scalenus anterior
164
What accessory muscle is used in forced expiration?
Rectus abdominus
165
What is pneumothorax?
Air within pleural cavity
166
What are the two things that cause pneumothorax?
Injury to chest wall
Lung tissue rupture
167
Explain pneumothorax by injury to chest wall
Air enters pleural cavity
Vacuum in pleural cavity lost
Visceral and parietal pleural don’t touch
Elastic recoil causes lung to collapse towards its hilum
168
Explain pneumothorax due to lung tissue rupture
Chronic cough causes damage to tissue
Tear in visceral pleura
Breath in: air enters lung
Air leaves lung via tear entering pleural cavity
Loss of surface tension
Lung collapse towards hilum
169
Where does the trachea bifurcate?
The level of the sternal angle
170
The trachea bifurcates into what?
Right and left primary bronchus
171
Compare the right and left bronchus 3 things
Right is
Wider
Shorter
More vertical
172
In an upright patient, foreign bodies tend to be inhaled into where in the lungs?
Lower lobe of right lung
173
What is the mediastinum?
Area that lies in between the lungs
174
The mediastinum is divided into 4 parts name these
Superior
Inferior anterior
Inferior middle
Inferior posterior
175
In which part of the mediastinum is the heart located?
Inferior middle mediastinum
176
Where is the division between superior and inferior mediastinum?
Level of the sternal angle
177
Where and what is the pericardium?
In the inferior middle mediastinum
Sac/bag surrounding the heart
178
What r the two layers of the pericardium, where r they located?
Outer fibrous pericardium
Deep serous pericardium
179
What does the fibrous pericardium do? 2 things
Protects from penetrating injuries
Prevents overfilling
180
What is haemopericardium?
Pericardial cavity fills with blood
181
What does haemopericardium do?
Causes cardiac tamponade
As
Increased pressure prevents cardiac contraction
182
2 adjectives describing serous pericardium
Membranous
Glistening
183
What does serous pericardium do?
Secretes serous fluid
184
Does fibrous or serous pericardium have 2 layers?
Serous pericardium
185
What are the 2 layers of serous pericardium?
Visceral adherent to epicardium
Parietal adherent to fibrous pericardium
186
Steps of heart development from embryonic heart 4 things
-heart size increases
- visceral serous pericardium touches parietal serous pericardium
- pericardial cavity small and contains lubricating pericardial fluid
187
What’s another name for the visceral serous pericardium?
Epicardium
188
What is the myocardium ?
Middle muscle tissue layer of heart
189
What is the endocardium layer of the heart continuous with?
Endothelium of blood vessels connecting with the heart
190
Name this tissue layer of the heart
Epicardium
191
Name this tissue layer of the heart
Myocardium
192
Name this tissue layer of the heart
Endocardium
193
What’s an auricle?
Extensions of the atria to allow for maximal filling
194
Name this surface of the heart
Anterior surface
195
Name this part of the heart
Apex
196
Name this surface of the heart
Base posterior
197
Name this surface of the heart
Inferior posterior
198
What’s another name for the inferior surface of the heart?
Diaphragmatic surface as sits on top of diaphragm
199
What is used to differential between the posterior base and inferior surface of the heart?
Coronary sinus
200
What is the proper term for heart attack?
Myocardial infarction
201
What is myocardial infarction?
Irreversible death (necrosis) of part of the myocardium due to blockage of its arterial blood supply
202
What supplies the myocardium with oxygenated blood?
Coronary arteries
203
What are the first two branches of the aorta?
Right and left coronary arteries
204
Deoxygenated blood is drained from the myocardium by what to where?
Network of veins
Drain into coronary sinus
Drains into right atrium
205
What drains into the right atrium? 3 things
Coronary sinus, superior and inferior vena cava
206
What divides the left and right ventricles?
Intra-ventricular septum
207
What divides the right and left atrium?
Intra-atrial septum
208
Deoxygenated blood pathway in and out of heart
Superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries to lungs
209
Oxygenated blood pathway in and out of heart including valves
Lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta to rest of body
210
Direction electrical excitation spread over myocardium to allow coordinated beating of chambers?
Sinoatrial node, atria, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle of his, right and left bundle branches, purkinje fibres which brings out contraction of ventricles
211
What is the first heart sound caused by? Lub
Closure of mitral and tricuspid valves
212
What is the second heart sound caused by? Dub
Closure of pulmonary and aortic valves
213
Name this part of the aorta
Arch
214
Name this part of the aorta
Ascending aorta
215
Name this part of the aorta
Abdominal
216
Name this part of the aorta
Descending aorta
217
How is tissue fluid formed?
When capillaries oxygenate tissues a small amount of fluid is squeezed out
Most absorbed by venules
Some left behind
218
What is Edema?
Build up of tissue fluid causing swelling
219
What happens to excess tissue fluid
Lymphatic drainage
Lymphatic vessels draw up excess fluid
Fluid now lymph
Lymph nodes clean fluid and return it to venous blood supply
220
Where does the lymph from the grey parts of the image drain to
Thoracic duct
221
Where does the lymph from the pink parts of the diagram drain to?
Lymphatic duct
222
Explain the movement of venous blood from the intercostal spaces to heart
Intercostal veins, azygous vein, superior vena cava, right atrium
223
Name this structure
Azygous vein
224
Name this structure
Azygous vein
225
Name this structure
Intercostal veins
226
Name this structure
Superior vena cava
227
Name this artery
Right Common carotid artery
228
Name this artery
Right subclavian artery
229
Name this artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
230
Name this artery
Left subclavian artery
231
Name this artery
Left common carotid artery
232
Name this vein.
Right and left brachiocephalic veins
233
Name this vein
Superior vena cava
234
Name this vein
Right and left subclavian veins
235
Name this vein
Right and left internal jugular veins
236
Name this part of the lung
Superior lobe
237
Name this part of the lung
Inferior lobe
238
Name this part of the lung
Middle lobe
239
Name this part of the lung
Oblique fissure
240
Name this part of the lung
Horizontal fissure
241
Name this part of the lung
Lingula
