Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
What r the two anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system?
A
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
2
Q
What does the CNS include? 2 things
A
Brain
Spinal cord
3
Q
What nerves does the PNS include? 4 points
A
All other nerve tissues not within the CNS
Spinal nerves (31 pairs)
Cranial nerves (12 pairs)
Autonomic nerves
4
Q
Name 3 autonomic nerves
A
Visceral afferents
Sympathetic nerves
Parasympathetic nerves
5
Q
What is a neurone?
A
A nerve cell
6
Q
What do dendrites do? 2things
A
Increase SA of cell body
Reach out and communicate with adjacent neurones
7
Q
What does a myelin sheath do? 2 things
A
Electrical insulator
Allows rapid transmittance of electrical activity along the axon
8
Q
Name this structure
A
Dendrites
9
Q
Name this structure
A
Ganglion
10
Q
Name this structure
A
Nerve cell body
11
Q
Name this structure
A
Myelin sheath
12
Q
Name this structure
A
Axon
13
Q
How many functions can a single nerve fibre carry?
A
One
14
Q
What r the 6 different functions that nerve fibres carry?
A
- Somatic sensory function
- Somatic motor function
- Special sensory function
- Visceral afferent function
- Sympathetic function
- Parasympathetic function
15
Q
What does somatic mean?
A
Body wall
16
Q
What does visceral mean?
A
Organ
17
Q
What does afferent mean?
A
Another word for sensory
18
Q
What does somatic sensory function do?
A
Conveys sensory information from the body wall
19
Q
What does somatic motor function do?
A
Tells a muscle connected to the body wall to do something
20
Q
What does special sensory function do?
A
Tells the brain about a special sensation
(sight, smell, taste, sound or balance)
21
Q
What does visceral afferent function do?
A
conveys sensory information from an organ
22
Q
What does sympathetic function do?
A
Tells cardiac/smooth muscle to contract or a gland to secrete
23
Q
What does parasympathetic function do?
A
Tells cardiac/smooth muscle to contract or a gland to secrete
24
Q
What is a mixed nerve
A
Carries 2 or more functional types of nerve fibre to any given region of the body or structure
25
Name this section of the brain
Right cerebral hemisphere
26
Name this section of the brain
Cerebellum
27
Name this section of the brain
Cerebrum
28
Name this section of the brain
A gyrus
29
Name this section of the brain
A sulcus
30
Name this section of the brain
Brain stem
31
Name this section of the brain
Spinal cord
32
Name this section of cranial bone
Frontal
33
Name this section of cranial bone
Temporal
34
Name this section of cranial bone
Parietal
35
Name this section of cranial bone
Occipital
36
Name this lobe of the brain
Frontal lobe
37
Name this lobe of the brain
Parietal lobe
38
Name this lobe of the brain
Occipital lobe
39
Name this lobe of the brain
Temporal lobe
40
What is the cerebellum responsible for?
Fine motor control
(posture, balance, co-ordination)
41
What is the occipital lobe responsible for?
Visual processing
42
What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
Proprioception, sensory information integration
43
What is the frontal lobe responsible for? 3 things
Motor function
Impulse control
Judgement
44
What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
Visual memory
Processing sensory input
45
What is the cerebral neocortex?
The outermost layer of the cerebral hemisphere
46
Name this part of the brain
Grey matter
47
Name this part of the brain
White matter
48
Name this part of the brain
White matter
49
What is in grey matter?
Full of cell bodies
50
What is in white matter
Many myelinated axons
51
In the spinal chord where is the white matter in relation to the grey matter?
White matter is superficial and grey matter is deep
52
What is the name of CN V?
Trigeminal nerve
53
What is the name of CN VII?
Facial nerve
54
Why are they called cranial nerves?
All course through the cranial cavity
55
Name this structure
Brainstem
56
Cranial nerves are bilateral, what does this mean?
There is a right and a left one, e.g. left CN I and right CN I
57
Name this structure
Pons
58
Name this structure
Midbrain
59
Name this structure
Medulla oblongata
60
Name this structure
CN V1, V2, V,3
Trigeminal nerve
61
Name this structure
CN VII
facial nerve
62
Name this structure
Spinal chord
63
Name this structure
Medulla oblongata
64
Name this structure
Pons
65
Name this structure
Midbrain
66
Is the Trigeminal nerve CNV and facial nerve CNVII somatic sensory, somatic motor or mixed fibres?
Mixed
67
Are there sympathetic axons in cranial nerves?
No
68
What fibres does each CN V Trigeminal nerve contain?
V1&2: sensory
V3: sensory and motor
69
What 3 different fibres does CN VII facial nerve contain?
Special sensory, motor and parasympathetic
70
Why r there foraminae/fissures/canals in the base of the skull
For CNS to pass between the brain and periphery
71
Name this section of the base of the skull
Anterior cranial fossa
72
Name this section of the skull cap
Middle cranial fossa
73
Name this section of the skull cap
Posterior cranial fossa
74
Superior orbital fissure
75
Name this foraminae
Foramen rotundum
76
Name this foraminae
Foramen ovale
77
Name this foraminae
Internal acoustic meatus
78
Name this foraminae
Foramen magnum
79
Why is the middle cranial fossa the most important to a dentist?
The CN V Trigeminal nerve exits the skull here.
Through the superior orbital fissure, Foramen rotundum and Foramen ovale
80
What does the spinal chord go through to exit the skull?
Foramen magnum
81
What is the spinal chord protected by?
Vertebral canal
82
What r the 4 segments of the spinal chord?
Cervical segment
Thoracic segment
Lumbar segment
Sacral/coccygeal segment
83
What r the 2 enlargements in the spinal chord?
Cervical enlargement
Lumbosacral enlargement
84
How does the spinal chord connect with the spinal nerves?
Bilaterally
85
How many spinal nerves does the spinal chord connect to
31 pairs
86
The spinal chord ends inferiorly at what intervertebral disc level?
L1/L2 intervertebral disc level
87
Name this segment of the spinal chord
Cervical segment
88
Name this segment of the spinal chord
Thoracic segment
89
Name this segment of the spinal chord
Lumbar segment
90
Name this segment of the spinal chord
Sacral/coccygeal segment
91
Name this enlargement of the spinal chord
Cervical enlargement
92
Name this enlargement of the spinal chord
Lumbosacral enlargement
93
What is the terminal part of the spinal chord called?
Conus medullaris
94
Name this section of the vertebral canal
Cauda equina
95
What is the cauda equina?
Lumbar and sacral spinal nerve roots descending into the vertebral canal to there respective intervertebral foraminae
96
How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves?
8
C1-C8
97
How many pairs of thoracic spinal nerves?
12
T1-T12
98
How many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves?
5
L1-L5
99
How many pairs of sacral spinal nerves?
5
S1-S5
100
How many pairs of coccygeal spinal nerves?
1
Co
101
What is the soma?
Body wall
102
Name this structure
Spinal chord
103
Name this structure
T4 posterior ramus
104
Name this structure
Right T4 spinal nerve
105
Name this structure
Skin
106
Name this structure
Fascia
107
Name this structure
Skeletal muscle
108
Name this structure
right T4 anterior ramus
109
Name this structure
Parietal pleura
110
Name this structure
Sympathetic chains
111
What r the structure included in the soma? 6 things
Neck wall
Chest wall
Diaphragm
Abdominal wall
Pelvic wall
All 4 limbs
112
Name this structure
Right posterior rootlet
113
Name this structure
Right posterior root
114
Name this structure
Posterior rami
115
Anterior rami
116
Name this structure
Spinal nerve
117
Name this structure
Right anterior root
118
Name this structure
Right anterior rootlet
119
Name this structure
White matter
120
Name this structure
Grey matter
121
Name this structure
Intervertebral Foramen
122
What type of fibres do posterior rootlets and roots contain?
Sensory fibres
123
What type of fibres do anterior rootlets and roots contain?
Motor fibres
124
What type of fibres does the spinal nerve contain?
Mixed
Sensory and motor fibres
125
Each segment of the body wall is supplied by how many spinal nerves?
Single pair
126
What does a dermatome map do?
Illustrates which part of the body is supplied by which pair of spinal nerves
127
Which dermatome is the level of the male nipple?
T4
128
Which dermatome is the level of the umbilicus?
T10
129
Where are there dermatomes that contain no posterior rami?
Limbs
130
The nervous system is subdivided on the basis of function into what 2 things?
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
131
What does the somatic nervous system respond to?
External environment
132
What does the autonomic nervous system do?
Senses and responds to the Internal environment
133
Where do the somatic nerves supply?
Soma: body wall
134
What does the somatic nervous system do?
Senses and responds to external environment
135
Axons of somatic neurones are found in what?
Spinal nerve branches (named nerves)
136
What do somatic sensory nerves do? (From 5 things)
Relay sensory information from the skin, parietal pleura, skeletal muscle, bones and joints
137
What do somatic motor nerve fibres do
Relay information to skeletal muscles to allow us to contract those muscles
138
Is the somatic nervous system voluntary or involuntary
Voluntary
(NB reflexes)
139
Is the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
140
What r the two parts of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic: fight or flight
Parasympathetic: rest and digest
141
What 7 things does the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system affect?
Heart
Arterioles
Skin
Lungs
Gut
Pupils
Liver
142
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the heart?
Increases heart rate
143
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the arterioles?
Dilated or constricts
144
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the skin
Makes hair stand on end and produces sweat
145
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the lungs
Dilated bronchioles
146
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the gut?
Reduces motility / closes sphincters
147
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the pupils?
Dilates
148
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the liver?
Releases glucose
149
What don’t have a parasympathetic nerve supply?
Skin and arterioles
150
What does the parasympathetic part of the nervous system affect? 5 things
Heart
Lungs
Gut
Pupils
Liver
151
How does the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system affect the heart?
Decreases heart rate
152
How does the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system affect the lungs?
Constricts bronchioles
153
How does the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system affect the gut?
Increases motility/opens sphincters
154
How does the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system affect the pupils?
Constricts
155
How does the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system affect the liver?
Doesn’t release glucose
156
What r the 6 steps in the transit of sympathetics from the brain to the organs?
1. Action potential arise from autonomic centres in brain
2. Pass down spinal chord
3. Thoracolumbar flow (T1-L2)
4. Enter sympathetic chain
5. Pass into 31 pairs of spinal nerves
6. Splanchnic nerves to organs
157
What r located within the lateral horns of T1-L2 spinal chord segments?
Cell bodies for the next sympathetic neurones in the chain
158
What r the 4 steps for the presynaptic sympathetic neurone to get from the spinal chord to the sympathetic chain?
Blue dotted line
1. Anterior roots
2. Spinal nerve
3. Anterior ramus
4. Rami communicans to paravertebral ganglion in sympathetic chain
159
What happens in the sympathetic chain? 2 things
Synapse within a paravertebral ganglion
Now called postsynaptic sympathetic neurone
160
What’s the route the postsynaptic sympathetic neurone takes from the sympathetic chain to the stoma?
Back along another rami communicans
Anterior and posterior rami of the spinal nerve, into body wall (stoma)
161
Name this structure
Rami communicans
162
All parasympathetic axons leave the CNS via what? 2things
Cranial nerves III, VII, IX & X
Sacral spinal nerves
163
What is parasympathetic outflow called?
Craniosacral outflow
164
Where do parasympathetic nerves supply to?
Internal organs
165
What does the parasympathetic ganglia supply to? 2things
Lacrimal and salivary glands
166
What does the vagus nerve supply to? 3 things
Organs of the neck, chest and abdomen as far as midgut
167
What do the sacral spinal nerves carry parasympathetic axons to?
Hindgut, pelvis and perineum
