CARDIOVASCULAR (FLASH CARDS)
(20 cards)
What is hypertension?
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mmHg and a diastolic pressure of more than 90 mmHg.
What are the classifications of blood pressure for adults?
Blood pressure classification includes:
* Normal: Systolic BP less than 120 and Diastolic BP less than 80
* Prehypertension/Elevated: Systolic 130-139 or Diastolic 80-89
* Stage 1 Hypertension: Systolic 140-159 or Diastolic 90-99
* Stage 2 Hypertension: Systolic 160 or higher or Diastolic 100 or higher.
What did the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association revise in 2017?
They revised their hypertension guidelines, lowering the threshold for hypertension.
What are some pathophysiological factors of hypertension?
Factors include:
* Excess sodium intake leading to renal sodium retention
* Obesity causing hyperinsulinemia and structural hypertrophy
* Increased sympathetic nervous system activity
* Increased RAAS activity
* Damage to the vascular endothelium.
What are the clinical manifestations of hypertension?
Hypertension is often called a silent killer as it is typically asymptomatic until complications arise.
What is a hypertensive emergency?
A condition with elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure with the presence of acute target organ damage.
What is a hypertensive urgency?
A condition where blood pressure is elevated (diastolic > 120 mmHg) without acute target organ disease.
What assessments are needed for hypertension diagnosis?
Assessments include:
* Detailed history and family history
* Physical examination
* Blood chemistry analysis (sodium, potassium, creatinine, etc.)
* ECG to rule out cardiovascular damage
* Echocardiography for left ventricular hypertrophy.
What are non-pharmacological treatments for hypertension?
Non-pharmacological treatments include lifestyle modifications such as diet changes, exercise, and weight management.
What are pharmacological treatments for hypertension?
Pharmacological treatments include:
* ACE inhibitors
* Calcium channel blockers
* Thiazide diuretics
* ARBs.
What is ischemic heart disease (IHD)?
IHD is characterized by reduced blood supply to the heart muscle due to narrowing of the coronary arteries, often from atherosclerosis.
What does Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) include?
ACS includes:
* Unstable angina
* Non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)
* ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).
What is unstable angina?
Unstable angina is reduced blood flow in a coronary artery, often due to rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, without complete occlusion.
What leads to myocardial infarction?
Myocardial infarction occurs when ischemia leads to cellular injury and death due to lack of oxygen.
What are common causes of Acute Coronary Syndrome?
Causes include:
* Decreased oxygen supply (acute blood loss, anemia, low blood flow)
* Increased oxygen demand (rapid heart rate, thyrotoxicosis)
* Vasospasm.
What are the clinical manifestations of Acute Coronary Syndrome?
Manifestations include:
* Chest pain
* Shortness of breath
* Indigestion
* Tachycardia and tachypnea
* Catecholamine responses.
What are the two types of prevention for ischemic heart disease (IHD)?
Types of prevention include:
* Primary Prevention
* Secondary Prevention.
What are the treatment options for Acute Coronary Syndrome?
Treatment includes:
* Revascularization (e.g., PCI, CABG, fibrinolytic therapy)
* Drug therapy to treat ACS and underlying coronary artery disease.
What drugs are commonly used in the management of Acute Coronary Syndrome?
Common drugs include:
* Antiplatelet agents (Aspirin, clopidogrel)
* Beta-blockers
* Heparin (unfractionated or low molecular weight)
* Fibrinolytics for select patients with STEMI
* ACE inhibitors
* Statins
* Morphine.
What are some complications of Acute Coronary Syndrome?
Complications include:
* Re-infarction
* Arrhythmias
* Heart failure
* Cardiac arrest.
