CARDIOVASCULAR (QUESTIONS)

Question 1

True or False: Hypertension is defined as systolic > 140 mmHg and diastolic > 90 mmHg.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

True or False: Hypertensive urgency involves acute target organ damage.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

True or False: Obesity contributes to hypertension by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Hypertension is defined as a systolic BP greater than ___ mmHg and a diastolic BP greater than ___ mmHg.

Answer 4

140; 90

Question 5

Increased preload and contractility result from renal sodium retention due to excessive ___ intake.

Answer 5

sodium

Question 6

Hypertensive emergency is defined by elevated blood pressure with the presence of acute ___ damage.

Answer 6

target organ

Question 7

What are some complications of hypertension?

Answer 7

Heart, brain, kidney, eye damage

Question 8

What diagnostic tests are used for hypertension?

Answer 8

Blood chemistry, ECG, echocardiography

Question 9

Name four drug classes used to treat hypertension.

Answer 9

ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, thiazide diuretics, ARBs

Question 10

What is ischemic heart disease (IHD)?

Answer 10

A disease characterized by reduced blood supply to the heart muscle, often due to atherosclerosis.

Question 11

What are the types of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?

Answer 11

Unstable angina, NSTEMI, STEMI

Question 12

What are some clinical manifestations of ACS?

Answer 12

Chest pain, shortness of breath, indigestion, tachycardia, low-grade fever

Question 13

List two primary treatments for ACS.

Answer 13

Revascularization and drug therapy

Question 14

What drugs are used in the management of ACS?

Answer 14

Antiplatelets, beta-blockers, heparin, fibrinolytics, ACE inhibitors, statins, morphine

Question 15

True or False: The American guidelines for hypertension were updated in 2017.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

True or False: Hypertension is typically caused by only one factor.

Answer 16

False

Question 17

True or False: Left ventricular hypertrophy can be assessed by echocardiography.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

The revised 2017 guidelines for hypertension set the threshold for older adults at ___/___ mmHg.

Answer 18

150/80

Question 19

One of the pathophysiological mechanisms of hypertension is increased ___ nervous system activity.

Answer 19

sympathetic

Question 20

Obesity causes hypertension through the development of ___ and structural hypertrophy.

Answer 20

hyperinsulinemia

Question 21

The RAAS system contributes to hypertension by increasing reabsorption of ___, ___, and water.

Answer 21

sodium; chloride

Question 22

The vascular endothelium in hypertension is often damaged, reducing ___ of arterioles.

Answer 22

vasodilation

Question 23

Hypertension may be primary or secondary. Young age and difficult control suggest ___ hypertension.

Answer 23

secondary

Question 24

In hypertensive urgency, the diastolic blood pressure is greater than ___ mmHg.

Answer 24

120

Question 25

What is the main cause of ischemic heart disease?

Answer 25

Atherosclerosis causing narrowing of coronary arteries

Question 26

What are some causes of acute coronary syndrome?

Answer 26

Decreased oxygen supply, increased demand, vasospasm

Question 27

What are catecholamine responses in ACS?

Answer 27

Cool extremities, perspiration, anxiety, restlessness

Question 28

Name a primary prevention method for IHD.

Answer 28

Lifestyle modification to control risk factors

Question 29

What diagnostic findings suggest IHD?

Answer 29

Typical chest pain, ECG changes, cardiac enzymes

Question 30

Which diagnostic tool shows an enlarged heart in hypertension?

Answer 30

ECG

Question 31

What are secondary prevention strategies for IHD?

Answer 31

Managing existing disease and preventing recurrence

Question 32

What are potential complications of ACS?

Answer 32

Re-infarction, arrhythmias, heart failure, cardiac arrest

Question 33

What is the difference between STEMI and NSTEMI?

Answer 33

STEMI shows ST elevation; NSTEMI does not

Question 34

Name two antiplatelet drugs used in ACS management.

Answer 34

Aspirin, Clopidogrel

Question 35

What are the signs of unstable angina?

Answer 35

Chest pain with reduced coronary blood flow, not fully occluded

Question 36

What lifestyle modifications help manage hypertension?

Answer 36

Low sodium diet, exercise, weight loss

Question 37

Why is hypertension called the silent killer?

Answer 37

It is often asymptomatic until complications occur

Question 38

What is the purpose of blood chemistry in hypertension diagnosis?

Answer 38

Assess levels of sodium, fat, and kidney function