DIABETES

Question 1

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 1

A group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin secretion defect, insulin resistance, or both.

Question 2

What are the main types of Diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 2

Type 1, Type 2, Gestational Diabetes, and Specific types.

Question 3

What characterizes Type 1 Diabetes?

Answer 3

Autoimmune destruction of β-cells, insulin deficiency, usually in children/young adults.

Question 4

What characterizes Type 2 Diabetes?

Answer 4

Insulin resistance followed by β-cell failure, associated with obesity and lifestyle factors.

Question 5

What is Gestational Diabetes?

Answer 5

Diabetes first detected during pregnancy, typically in 2nd or 3rd trimester.

Question 6

What is Metabolic Syndrome?

Answer 6

A cluster of conditions: abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, high blood pressure, high triglycerides, low HDL.

Question 7

What are the diagnostic criteria for Diabetes?

Answer 7

A1C ≥ 6.5%, Fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL, 2h OGTT ≥ 200 mg/dL, or random glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL with symptoms.

Question 8

What defines Prediabetes?

Answer 8

Fasting glucose 100–125 mg/dL, 2h OGTT 140–199 mg/dL, A1C 5.7–6.4%.

Question 9

What are the Islets of Langerhans?

Answer 9

Endocrine cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, make up about 20% of the pancreas.

Question 10

What are the effects of insulin?

Answer 10

Increases glucose uptake, fat/protein synthesis; decreases gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis.

Question 11

What are common lab tests for diabetes?

Answer 11

Fasting/Postprandial glucose, A1C, lipid profile, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, creatinine, TSH.

Question 12

What are therapeutic goals in diabetes management?

Answer 12

A1C < 7%, Pre-meal glucose 70–130, Post-meal <180, BP <130/80, LDL <100, TG <150, HDL >45.

Question 13

How is Type 1 DM treated?

Answer 13

Insulin therapy using basal-bolus or split regimens.

Question 14

How is Type 2 DM treated?

Answer 14

Lifestyle modification, oral medications, insulin if needed, possibly bariatric surgery.

Question 15

Name a Biguanide used in Type 2 DM.

Answer 15

Metformin.

Question 16

Name Sulfonylureas used in Type 2 DM.

Answer 16

Glibenclamide/Glyburide, Glimepiride.

Question 17

Name a Meglitinide.

Answer 17

Repaglinide.

Question 18

Name a Thiazolidinedione.

Answer 18

Pioglitazone.

Question 19

Name Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors.

Answer 19

Acarbose, Miglitol.

Question 20

Name a DPP-4 inhibitor.

Answer 20

Sitagliptin.

Question 21

Name a GLP-1 receptor agonist.

Answer 21

Exenatide.

Question 22

Name an Amylin mimetic.

Answer 22

Pramlintide.

Question 23

Name a Bile Acid Sequestrant.

Answer 23

Colesevelam.

Question 24

Name a Dopamine Agonist.

Answer 24

Bromocriptine.

Question 25

What are microvascular complications of DM?

Answer 25

Retinopathy, Nephropathy, Neuropathy.

Question 26

What are macrovascular complications of DM?

Answer 26

Coronary artery disease, Peripheral vascular disease, Stroke.

Question 27

What are early symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Answer 27

Sweating, tremor, palpitations, anxiety.

Question 28

What are neuroglycopenic symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Answer 28

Confusion, drowsiness, seizures, unconsciousness.

Question 29

How is hypoglycemia treated?

Answer 29

Oral glucose if conscious; IV dextrose or IM glucagon if unconscious.

Question 30

What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Answer 30

A serious complication of Type 1 DM caused by insulin deficiency leading to hyperglycemia, ketone production, and acidosis.

Question 31

What are common precipitants of DKA?

Answer 31

Infections, missed insulin doses, and stress.

Question 32

What are clinical features of DKA?

Answer 32

Polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, Kussmaul breathing, fruity breath odor.

Question 33

How is DKA managed?

Answer 33

IV fluids, insulin therapy, electrolyte correction, treatment of underlying cause.

Question 34

What is the basal-bolus insulin regimen?

Answer 34

Multiple daily injections: long-acting basal insulin + rapid-acting bolus insulin with meals.

Question 35

What is the split insulin regimen?

Answer 35

Two or more injections daily combining intermediate and short-acting insulin.

Question 36

What tests are used in diabetes screening?

Answer 36

Fasting glucose, A1C, 2-hour OGTT.

Question 37

What are other chronic complications of diabetes?

Answer 37

Gastrointestinal, genitourinary issues, infections, oral and ocular problems.