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SEM II - A&P II > Cardiovascular/Lymphatic > Flashcards

Cardiovascular/Lymphatic Flashcards

(89 cards)

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0
Q

Myocardium

A

Muscular wall of the heart

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1
Q

Endocardium

A

The inner lining of the heart

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2
Q

Epicardium

A

The thin membrane that covers the heart.

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3
Q

Pericardial sac

A

A fluid filled sac surrounding the heart

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4
Q

The adult blood volume on average is?

A

Approximately 12 pints

5-6 liters

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5
Q

Mediastinum

A

The central compartment of the thoracic cavity between the lungs containing the heart.

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6
Q

Atrium

A

The receiving chambers (left and right) of the heart

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7
Q

Ventricles

A

The muscular pumping chambers of the heart.

Right - only pumps to the lungs
Left - contains most of the muscle and pumps to entire body

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8
Q

Valves of the heart

A

Control the blood flow through and out of the heart

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9
Q

Right side of the heart

A

Contains deoxygenated blood (oxygen poor blood)

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10
Q

Left side of heart

A

Contains oxygenated blood (oxygen rich blood)

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11
Q

Right atrium

A

Receiving chamber, received deoxygenated blood from superior & inferior venae cavae, the coronary sinus, and anterior cardiac veins and pumps into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.

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12
Q

Left atrium

A

Receiving chamber, received oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and pumps it into the left ventricle via the mitral valve.

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13
Q

Right ventricle

A

Pumping chamber, pumps blood to lungs

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14
Q

Left ventricle

A

Pumping chamber, pumps blood to the entire body

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15
Q

Right atrioventricular valve/right AV Valve/Trisuspid valve function

A

Controls blood flow through and out of the heart from the right atrium to the right ventricle

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16
Q

Left atrioventricular valve/ left AV valve/ Bicuspid valve/ Mitral valve

A

Control blood flow through and out of the heart from the left atrium to the left ventricle

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17
Q

Pulmonary valve/ pulmonary semilunar valve

A

Controls blood flow through and out of the heart from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk.

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18
Q

Aortic valve/Aortic semilunar valve

A

Controls blood flow through and out of the heart from the left ventricle to the aorta

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19
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Circulation between the heart and lungs for the purpose of gas exchange

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20
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

Begins at the base of the right ventricle then branches into two pulmonary arteries (right & left)

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21
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to he lungs.

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22
Q

Alveolus

A

Terminal air sac

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23
Q

Respiration

A

Transport of oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction

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24
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lesser. Carbon dioxide from blood to alveolus, Oxygen from alveolus to blood.
25
The gasses exchanged in the lungs are
Carbon dioxide and oxygen
26
Red blood cells
Carry gasses, both oxygen and carbon dioxide
27
Hemoglobin
Iron Pigment
28
Pulmonary vein
Found in the media stinum, large blood vessels that receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and drain into the left atrium of the heart
29
SA node (sinoatrial node)
Located along the right atrium, impulse generating (pacemaker)
30
AV node (atrioventricular node)
Part of the electrical control system of the heart that coordinates with the top of the heart, conducts electrical impulse from atria to ventricles
31
Atrioventricular septum/AV bundle branches
Bundle of fibers located within the septum of the heart, carries cardiac impulses down the septum to the ventricles via the perkinje fibers
32
Perkinje fibers
Specialized cardiac muscle fibers forming a network in ventricular walls that conduct electric impulses responsible for the contracts of ventricles
33
Artery
Carry blood away from the heart, arranged in three layers, absorb pressure wave - left ventricular contraction
34
Vein
Carry blood towards the heart, arranged in three layers
35
Calillary
Vascular connection between artery and vein
36
Tunica intima
Innermost vascular layer, endothelial
37
Tunica media
Middle vascular layer, smooth muscles, arteries have a thicker tunica media
38
Tunica externa/adventitia
External/outermost vascular layer
39
Function of valves of veins
Prevent backflow
40
The "Great Vessels"
Vena Cava (inferior and superior) Pulmonary trunk Pulmonary veins (left and right) Aorta
41
Vena Cava/Central vein of the body
Either of two large veins that drain blood from the upper and lower body and empty into the right atrium of the heart
42
Aorta
The largest artery of the human body originating from the left ventricle extending down into the abdomen where it bifurcates into two smaller arteries. Distributes oxygenated blood go all parts of the body.
43
Cerebral circulation
Major arteries supplying blood to brain (carotid and basilar artery) Major veins carrying blood from the brain (jugular and vertebral)
44
Carotid artery
Supplies blood to brain, internal carotid bifurcates from common carotid
45
Vertebral/Basilar artery
Supplies blood to the brain, formed by the merger of vertebral arteries
46
Circle of Willis
Circulating anastomoses that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures
47
Jugular vein
Carry blood from the brain, internal jugular
48
Vertebral vein
Carry blood from the brain, transverse for amen of the cervical
49
Sinuses/veins of the brain
Found in spaces between the lobes and hemispheres which merge together into the jugular vein
50
Blood/brain barrier
Controls passage of materials from blood to brain, allows oxygen and glucose to cross from blood to brain, denies passage of foreign materials (virus/bacteria) and neurotransmitters/hormones; allows passage of waste from blood to brain
51
Portal circulation
Nutrient rich blood from intestines travels to liver via the portal vein, liver takes nutrients, vitamins and minerals and inactivates toxins then blood travels to hepatic vein then to the Vena Cava
52
Blood plasma
The liquid portion of blood, makes up approximately 55% of body's total blood volume
53
Hematocrit
Measure of blood solids, normally about 45% solid
54
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells - take up oxygen in lungs and release into tissues and remove Carbon Dioxide from tissues
55
Leukocytes
White blood cells - protect body from microorganisms causing disease, larger than red blood cells
56
Thrombocytes/platelets
Smallest type of blood cell which swell together (clot) when bleeding occurs to stop bleeding
57
Lymph/lymphatic fluid
Clear, water appearing fluid which closely resembles blood plasma with lower proteins. Elevated protein concentration in thoracic duct lymph due to protien-rich lymph from liver to small intestine
58
ISF - interstitial fluid
Complex organized fluid that fills spaces between cells, resembles blood plasma in composition with a lower percentage protien. Along with blood plasma , constitutes the extra cellular fluid.
59
Thoracic duct
Largest lymphatic vessel, drains into the systemic circulation, collects most of the lymph other than that in the right side
60
Right lymphatic duct
Received lymph from the right side of the body and discharges it into the right subclavian vein at its junction with the right internal jugular vein
61
Cisterns Chyli
The origin of the thoracic duct in the lumbar region of the abdominal cavity The resivoir like portion of the duct
62
Chyle
Milky lymph found in the lacteals
63
Lymphokinesis
The movement of lymph, re-enters general circulation at the rate if three liters per day
64
Lymph nodes
Small bean shaped masses of tissue along the lymphatic system stat acts as filters and immune monitors, removing fluids, bacteria, or cancer cells that travel through the lymph system
65
Lacteals
Lymph vessels of the small intestine found within villi of the small intestine; absorb fat and fat solvable nutrients
66
Tonsils
First line of defense from the exterior, protects against bacteria that may invade tissues around the openings between nasal and oral cavities.
67
Thymus gland
Plays vital role in immunity mechanism, source of lymphocytes before birth, secretes the hormone thymosin, stimulates the production of T-cells
68
Thymosin
A hormone secreted by the thymus that stimulates the development of T-cells
69
T-cells
A type of white blood cells of key importance to the immune system
70
Spleen
Resivoir for blood (500ml); filtration and phagocytosis; with liver destroys old worn out blood cells
71
Phagocytosis
Process by which a cell such as a white blood cell ingests microorganisms, other cells and foreign bodies A defense mechanism
72
Nonspecific immunity/Innate immunity
Generalized protection not against a specific pathogen, does not require a previous exposure. Tears, mucus secretion, phagocytosis, inflammatory response
73
Specific immunity/adaptive immunity
Specific protection against specific invaders, requires a previous exposure to the pathogen
74
Natural immunity
Happens as a result of living, no deliberate exposure to living Active: individual immune system response to pathogen Passive: mothers milk
75
Artificial immunity
Man created, deliberate exposure to agent. Active: vaccination Passive: injection of antibodies
76
Antibodies
Destroys and/or inactivates antigens
77
Antigens
Foreign substance in body
78
Combining sites
Concave areas on antibodies that fit the precise size and shape of a marker molecule
79
Marker molecules
Fragments of DNA that make an antigen unique
80
Agglutination
The clumping together or particles
81
Complement proteins
Protein enzymes normally found in the blood
82
The four hallmarks of inflammation
Calor Ruble Dolor Edema
83
Calor
Heat due to increased blood flow
84
Rubor
Redness due to increased blood flow
85
Dolor
Pain
86
Edema
Exudate from blood stream
87
Blood from the body flows:
``` To the superior and inferior vena cava Then to the right atrium Through the tricuspid valve To the right ventricle Through the pulmonic valve To the pulmonary artery To the lungs ```
88
Blood from lungs
``` To the pulmonary veins To the left atrium Through the mitral valve To the left ventricle Through the aortic valve To the aorta To the body ```

SEM II - A&P II (4 decks)

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