Digestive System Flashcards by Aaron Montoya

Esophagus

Muscular tube, collapsible - approx 10” long

Carries bolus from laryngopharynx to stomach, peristaltic action

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Mouth/Oral cavity/Tongue/Pharynx

Where food enters and is masticated, the beginning of digestion. Formation of a bolus and the passing of the bolus to the esophagus.

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Stomach

Expandable muscular sac responsible for the physical and chemical action of digestion.
Chemical - secretion of acids and enzymes
Mechanical - churning and peristalsis
Stores food

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Small intestine

Function is digestion - breakdown from complex to simple, from bolus to molecules.
Also Absorption of nutrients. Water soluble nutrients into blood stream, fat soluble nutrients into lymphatic system

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Large intestine

Absorption of water and the formation and elimination of stool

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Salivary glands

Function - to produce saliva. Three:

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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Saliva

Enzymes to begin carbohydrate digestion.

Forms bolus, lubricates, maintains alkaline pH in mouth.

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Pancreas

Functions as both an exocrine and an endocrine gland.

Produces digestive enzymes and alkaline fluid (exocrine)
Or
Insulin or glucagon (endocrine)

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Liver

The largest gland inside the body in the upper right quadrant. Produces bile.
Functions in digestion, metabolism, detoxification, storage,production, immunity.

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Gall Bladder

Stores bile
Concentration of bile
Expels bile as needed during digestion

DOES NOT PRODUCE BILE!!!

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Bile

Elimination of the waste pigment bilirubin.

Emulsifier - allows oil and water to mix
- water based digestive enzymes are able to access and digest fatty nutrients

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Portal system

responsible for directing blood from parts of the gastrointestinal tract to the liver. Substances absorbed in the small intestine travel first to the liver for processing before continuing to the heart.

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Digestion

The breakdown from complex to simple.

From mouthful to molecule

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Absorption

The uptake of nutrients into the body which must be broken down to the level of molecules to be absorbed.

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Metabolism

The conversion of nutrients into fuel.

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Alimentary Canal

Aka - digestive tract

A musculomembranous tube that extends continuously from the mouth to the anus - approximately 30 feet

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Walls of digestive tract

Mucosa/mucous membrane
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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Mucosa/mucous membrane

Innermost layer of digestive tract, epithelial layer - semi permeable membrane.

Barrier between body and GI tract

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Submucousa

2nd layer or digestive tract, just below the mucosa

Contains glands, blood vessels, nerve and lymph

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Muscularis

Muscular layer of digestive tract, 2 layers of muscle.

Circular and longitudinal.

Function is peristalsis.

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Serosa

Outermost layer of the digestive tract - visceral peritoneum.

Anchored to abdominal wall by mesentry.

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Peristalsis

Rhythmic muscular contractions.

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Mouth

Where food is masticated

Chewing, the beginning of digestion

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Pharynx and esophagus

Organs of swallowing

Pass bolus

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Stomach

Where digestive process begins

Small intestines

Digestive and absorption processes. Split into three different sections: Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

Large intestines

Water absorption, preparation for waste elimination. | About 5-6' in length, begins at junction of small intestine and ends at anus.

Anus

Elimination of waste

Mastication

The act of chewing

Buccal

Referring to the mouth

Bolus

Ball of chewed food matter

Deglutition

The act of swallowing

Parotid salivary glands

Aka stenson's duct Largest most superior Located by mandibular ramus Duct empties into mouth along cheek

Submandibular salivary glands

Aka whartons duct Duct empties onto flow of mouth Located inside the mandibular angle

Sublingual salivary glands

Aka ducts of rivinus | Many small ducts along the floor of mouth

Pharynx

Funnel shaped muscular tube - 3 sections Nasopharynx - air only Oropharynx - air/food Laryngopharynx - air/food

4 parts of stomach

Cardia Funds Body Pylorus

Cardia

Portion of stomach immediately surrounding the esophagus opening

Fundus

Ulterior portion on the stomach, dome shaped, under diaphragm

Body of stomach

Middle, main portion of the stomach between Fundus and pylorus

Pylorus

Distal portion of stomach, narrows into pyloric antrum

Lesser curvature of the stomach

The right border of the stomach, concave curve

Greater curvature of the stomach

On the left border of the stomach, 4-5x longer than then lesser curvature. Convex curve.

Gastric rugae

Thick inner mucosal lining of the body of the stomach. Numerous folds. Blends and churns chyme

Ileocecal valve

The opening between the small intestine and large intestine

Duodenum

Portion of thee small intestine - 8-10", C-shaped. The head of the pancreas is adjacent to the C-loop of the duodenum (romance of the abdomen)

Romance of the abdomen

The head of the pancreas is adjacent to the c-loop of the duodenum.

Jejunum

Second, smallest portion of the small bowel. Has a coiled spring and feathery appearance when filled with barium.

Ileum

Longest portion of the small bowel making up 3/5 it's entirety. Smallest in diameter, most distal portion of small bowel.

Ileocecal valve

Opening between the small and large intestine

Cecum

Pouch like portion below the junction of the ileum and colon. Approx 2.5" long and 3" in diameter

Vermiform appendix

Narrow worm like tube attached to the posteromedial side of the cecum.

Ascending colon

Passes superiorly from the junction of the cecum

Right colic (hepatic) flexure

The sharp angle at ascending and transverse

Transverse colon

Has the greatest amount of potential movement

Left colic (splenic) flexure

The sharp angle at junction of transverse and descending

Descending colon

Passes inferiorly

Sigmoid portion

Forms S shaped loop and ends at rectum at level of third sacral segment

Rectum

Extends from the sigmoid colon to the anal canal

Anal canal

Terminates at the colon

Haustra

Series of pouches along the large intestine

Taeniae coli

Muscular bands that form the pouches known as the haustra

Chole

Bile

Cysto

Sac or bladder

Cholangi

Bile ducts

Cholecyst

Gallbladder

Choledoch

Common bile duct

ERCP

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Cholecystogram

Rad exam of gallbladder

Cholangiogram

Rad exam of biliary ducts

Cholecystectomy

Surgical removal of the gallbladder

Cholelithiasis

Presence of gallstones

T-cube Cholangiogram

Rad exam of the biliary ducts via a surgically placed removable tubing

Peritoneum

Double walled, serous membrane that lines the abdomino-pelvic cavity

Omentum

Greater and lesser Peritoneal folds - fatty insulating (like aprons)

Mesentery

Connects and supports intestines to liver

Biliary ducts

Any number of long tube-like structures that carry bile. Their color is green like the gallbladder due to bile stains

Digestive System Flashcards

(77 cards)