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SHF 204 - OSTEO SKILLS 4 CONDITIONS > CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

REVIEW THE CARDIAC CYCLE

A
  • Vena cava on right, pulmonary vein on left  atria  ventricles  pulmonary artery on right, aorta on left
  • AV and SL node- prevent backflow
  • Atrioventricular- atria + ventricles
  • Tricuspid on right
  • Mitral/bicuspid on left
  • Semilunar connects ventricles to associated arteries
  • Systole- contraction
  • Diastole- relax
  • Atrial systole- contraction of atria
  • Ventricular systole- contraction of ventricles, follows atrial
  • Diastole- relaxation of both
  • Valves open when pressure is inc, vice versa to close due to pressure difference
  • Atrial systole- AV opens so blood enters ventricles
  • Ventricular systole- AV shuts, SL opens so blood leaves heart through arteries
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2
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE - DEFINITION

A
  • Cardiovascular disease (CVD), also called heart and circulatory disease, is an umbrella name for conditions that affect your heart or circulation
  • These include high blood pressure, stroke and vascular dementia
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3
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE - SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

A
  • Chest px
  • Px, weakness or numb legs and/or arms
  • Breathlessness
  • Very fast or slow heartbeat
  • Heart palpitations
  • Fatigue
  • Swollen limbs
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4
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Smoking
  • Stress
  • Alcohol
  • Hypertension
  • High blood cholesterol
  • Being physically inactive
  • Being overweight or obese
  • Diabetes
  • Family history of heart disease
  • Ethnic background
  • Sex - men more likely
  • Age - older people more likely
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5
Q

ANGINA - DEFINITION

A

Condition marked by a severe px in the chest, often also spreading to the shoulders, arms and neck, owing to an inadequate blood supply to the heart

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6
Q

ANGINA - POPULATION AFFECTED

A

Adults over 60

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7
Q

ANGINA - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Unhealthy diet
  • Lack of exercise
  • Smoking
  • Increasing age
  • Family history of atherosclerosis or heart problems
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8
Q

ANGINA - TYPES

A
  • Stable angina
    o More common
    o Attacks have triggers and stop within a few minutes of resting
  • Unstable angina
    o More serious
    o Attacks are more unpredictable and can continue despite resting
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9
Q

ANGINA - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Chest px and discomfort - feels like burning, fullness, pressure, squeezing
  • Px may also be felt in arms, neck, jaw, shoulder or back
  • Dizziness
  • Fatigue
  • Nausea
  • Shortness of breath
  • Sweating
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10
Q

ANGINA - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Will probably have to take several medications for the rest of life
  • May be given medicine to
    o Treat attacks when they happen
    o Prevent further attacks
    o Reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes
  • Nitrates
  • Aspirin
  • Beta blockers
  • Statins
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11
Q

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION - DEFINITION

A

Heart attack

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12
Q

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION - CAUSE

A
  • Blockage in one of the blood vessels that supplies the heart
  • Occurs when the blood flow through one or more of the coronary arteries is decreases
  • The low blood flow decreases the amount of oxygen your heart muscles receives
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13
Q

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • All ethnicities affected relatively equally
  • Obese people most affected
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14
Q

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Smoking
  • Diabetes
  • High blood pressure
  • High blood cholesterol levels
  • High blood triglyceride level
  • Obesity
  • Waist circumference
    o Over 30 inches for women and over 40 inches for men
  • Lack of physical activity
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15
Q

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Most common symptom is chest pressure or px, typically on the left side of the body
  • Shortness of breath or trouble breathing
  • Fatigue
  • Insomnia
  • Nausea or stomach discomfort
  • Heart palpitations
  • Anxiety or feeling of impending doom
  • Sweating
  • Feeling light headed, dizzy or passing out
  • Women are less likely to experience chest px or discomfort that feels like indigestion
  • Women are more likely to have shortness of breath, fatigue and insomnia that started before
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16
Q

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION - PROGNOSIS

A
  • A serious condition
  • Chances of survival depend on the severity of the myocardial infraction
  • Medicines to prevent blood clotting
    o Anticoagulants
    o Antiplatelets
  • Medicines to breakdown blood clots
    o Thrombolytics
    o Fibrinolytics
  • Coronary angioplasty
  • Coronary artery bypass graft
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17
Q

AORTIC DISSECTION - DEFINITION

A

Serious condition in which a tear occurs in the inner layer of the aorta. Blood rushes through the tear, causing the inner and middle layers of the aorta to dissect (split)

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18
Q

AORTOC DISSECTION - CAUSE

A
  • Caused by a weakened area of the aortas wall
  • Divided into 2 groups
    o Type A - More common and dangerous type involves a tear in the part of the aorta where it exits the heart. The tear may also occur in the upper aorta (ascending aorta), which may extend into the abdomen
    o Type B - Involves a tear in the lower aorta only (descending aorta) which may also extend into the abdomen
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19
Q

AORTIC DISSECTION - POPULATION AFFECTED

A

Men over 60

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20
Q

AORTIC DISSECTION - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Hypertension
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Aortic aneurysm
  • Aortic valve defect
    o Bicuspid aortic valve
  • Narrowing of the aorta at birth
    o Aortic coarctation
  • Certain genetic diseases
  • Males
  • Over 60
  • Cocaine use
  • Pregnancy
  • High-intensity weightlifting
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21
Q

AORTIC DISSECTION - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Sudden severe chest or upper back px - Often described as a tearing or ripping sensation that spreads to the neck and down to the back
  • Sudden severe stomach px
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Shortness of breath
  • Symptoms similar to those of a stroke
    o Sudden vision problems
    o Difficulty speaking
    o Weakness or loss of movement on one side of your body
  • Weak pulse in one arm or thigh compared to the other
  • Leg px
  • Difficulty walking
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22
Q

AORTIC DISSECTION - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Around 20% of pt die before getting to hospital
  • Best treatment is prevention
    o Control blood pressure
    o Quit smoking
    o Maintain an ideal weight
    o Work with a doctor
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23
Q

NON-CARDIAC CAUSES OF CHEST PAIN - GASTROESOPHAGEAL

A

Oesophageal disorders
o Perforation may be caused by forceful vomiting and diseases. Sudden, severe, constant P from neck to oesophagus, neck swelling
o Spasm- confused with cardiac condition as its relieved with nitrates, not related to exertion (unlike cardiac pain), swallowing extremely hot or cold substances often causes this which leads to chest P
o Reflux- burning sensation, referred to as heartburn, aggravated by lying down or after meals, chronic cough and dysphagia

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24
Q

NON-CARDIAC CAUSES OF CHEST PAIN - PULMONARY

A

o Pleuritic in nature- P varies with respiratory cycle, and is exacerbated during inspiration and coughing
o Typically, sharp and unilateral
o Usually caused by lower respiratory infections
o Spontaneous pneumothorax- results in sharp chest P that may radiate to ipsilateral shoulder, can be caused by underlying condition, typical Px is tall, thin, male smoker
o Pulmonary embolism- acute onset of dyspnoea, pleuritic chest P, severe hypoxia and risk factors such as recent surgery, underlying malignancy, bedridden/sedentary state
o Pneumonitis
o Bronchitis
o Intrathoracic neoplasm

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25
Q

NON-CARDIAC CAUSES OF CHEST PAIN - MSK

A

costochondritis
rib fracture
myalgia
- Palpation of chest may reproduce symptoms

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26
Q

NON-CARDIAC CAUSES OF CHEST PAIN - HERPES ZOSTER

A

Burning sensation, unilateral dermatomal distribution. Physical exam findings may be lacking as P often occurs before onset of vesicular lesions (blisters), making diagnosis difficult

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27
Q

VALVULAR HEART DISEASE - DEFINITION

A
  • When any valve in the heart has damage or is diseased
  • Causes poor blood flow through the heart to the body
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28
Q

VALVULAR HEART DISEASE - CAUSE

A
  • Several causes
  • Congenital conditions
  • Infections
  • Degenerative conditions
  • Conditions linked to other types of heart disease
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29
Q

VALVULAR HEART DISEASE - POPULATION AFFECTED

A

Older adults

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30
Q

VALVULAR HEART DISEASE - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Older age
  • History of certain infections that can affect the heart
  • History of certain forms of heart disease or heart attack
  • High blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes and other heart disease risk factors
  • Heart conditions present at birth
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31
Q

VALVULAR HEART DISEASE - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • May not have symptoms for many years
  • Whooshing sound (heart murmur) when a doctor is listening to the heart
  • Chest px
  • Abdominal swelling
  • Fatigue
  • Shortness of breath - Esp when lying down or active
  • Swelling of ankles or feet
  • Dizziness
  • Fainting
  • Irregular heartbeat
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32
Q

VALVULAR HEART DISEASE - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Not amazing
  • Currently no medications to halt the progression of valvular heart disease and the deterioration of the heart
  • Medications intent to treat symptoms and prevent the emergence of other complications like endocarditis and embolisms
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33
Q

DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS - DEFINITION

A

Occurs when a blood clot forms in a deep vein. They usually begin in the lower leg, thigh or pelvis but can also occur in the arm

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34
Q

DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS - CAUSE

A
  • Anything that prevents blood from flowing or properly clotting
  • Damage to vein from surgery or inflammation and damage due to infection or injury
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35
Q

DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Men
  • Over 40
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36
Q

DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Age- 60+
  • Lack of movement
  • Injury or surgery
  • Pregnancy
  • Birth control
  • Obesity
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37
Q

DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Leg swelling
  • Leg P, cramping or soreness that often starts in calf
  • Change in skin colour of leg- such as red or purple
  • Warmth
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38
Q

DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Complications include pulmonary embolism, phospholipidic syndrome and treatment complications
  • See a doctor if shortness of breath, feeling lightheaded, fainting, rapid breathing, coughing up blood
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39
Q

HYPERTENSION - DEFINITION

A
  • High blood pressure
  • Heart needs to work harder to pump blood
  • 130/80 mm Hg or higher
  • Normal- 120/80
  • Elevated- 120-129/below 80
  • Stage 1 hypertension- 130-139/80-89
  • Stage 2- 140 or higher/90 or higher
  • Above 180/120 mm Hg is hypertensive emergency or crisis
  • Need 3 months of consistent readings to diagnose
40
Q

HYPERTENSION - CAUSE

A
  • Primary- no identifiable cause, develops gradually over many years, plaque builds up in arteries
  • Secondary- underlying condition, tends to appear suddenly and cause higher blood pressure than primary (adrenal gland tumour, congenital heart defect, kidney disease, etc)
41
Q

HYPERTENSION - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Men
  • Black people more than white or Asian
42
Q

HYPERTENSION - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Age (inc with age)
  • Family Hx
  • Obesity
  • Lack of exercise
  • Tobacco use
  • High sodium
43
Q

HYPERTENSION - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Most asymptomatic
  • Headaches
  • Shortness of breath
  • Nose bleeds
44
Q

HYPERTENSION - PROGNOSIS

A

Can be treated
Untreated can lead to inc risk of heart attack, stroke, and other serious health problems

45
Q

STROKE AND TIA - DEFINITION

A
  • Very serious condition where the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off (stroke)
  • Serious condition where the blood supply to your brain is temporarily disrupted. Also called a ‘mini stroke’ (TIA)
46
Q

STROKE AND TIA - CAUSE

A
  • Ischemic- blocked artery- most common
  • Haemorrhagic- leaking or bursting of vessel- result of other condition such as uncontrolled high blood pressure, overtreatment with blood thinners, trauma
  • Transient ischemic attack- mini stroke, doesn’t cause permanent damage, temporary block of blood supply
47
Q

STROKE AND TIA - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • People over 55
  • African American and Hispanic
  • Men
48
Q

STROKE AND TIA - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Obesity
  • Physical inactivity
  • Heavy or binge drinking
  • High blood pressure
  • High cholesterol
  • Diabetes
49
Q

STROKE AND TIA - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Trouble speaking
  • Paralysis of numbness of face, arm or leg
  • Problems seeing in one or both eyes
  • Headache
  • Trouble walking
50
Q

STROKE AND TIA - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Seek immediate attention
  • FAST- face, arms, speech, time
51
Q

ANEURYSM - DEFINITION

A
  • An excessive localised swelling of the wall of an artery
  • Abnormal bulge in wall of blood vessel
  • Can rupture, causing internal bleeding
  • Aortic, abdominal aortic, thoracic aortic, brain, peripheral aneurysm
52
Q

ANEURYSM - CAUSE

A
  • High blood pressure/hypertension over many years  damage/weakening of blood vessels
  • Atherosclerosis – weakens blood vessels
53
Q

ANEURYSM - POPULATION AFFECTED

A

Some types - women 30 - 60
Aortic - men

54
Q

ANEURYSM - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Hypertension
  • Size, location, growth
  • Family history
55
Q

ANEURYSM - CLINICAL PRESENTATION - BRAIN

A

o can lurk without symptoms
o can rupture and leak (haemorrhagic stroke- medical emergency)
o most don’t rupture
o severe headache
o nausea,
o blurred/double vision,
o seizure,
o photosensitivity.
o Unruptured- Px above/behind eye, dilated pupil, change in vision, numbness of one side of face

56
Q

ANEURYSM - CLINICAL PRESENTATION - AORTIC

A

o back Px
o cough
o weak/scratchy voice
o shortness of breath
o tenderness in chest

57
Q

ANEURYSM - CLINICAL PRESENTATION - ABDOMINAL

A

o Dizziness
o P in lower back
o sweaty/pale/clammy skin
o fast heartbeat
o shortness of breath

58
Q

ANEURYSM - CLINICAL PRESENTATION - PERIPHERAL

A

o pulsating lump that can be felt
o leg px/cramping with exercise
o ulcers of toes/fingers
o radiating px
o gangrene/tissue death

59
Q

ANEURYSM - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Some have below risk of rupture
  • Doctor required to identify size/risk of rupture
  • Rupture = fatal (especially in the brain)
60
Q

PALPITATIONS - DEFINITION

A

A noticeably rapid, strong, or irregular heartbeat due to agitation, exertion or illness

61
Q

PALPITATIONS - CAUSE

A
  • Stress
  • Depression
  • Strenuous exercise
  • Stimulants
    o Caffeine
    o Nicotine
    o Cocaine
  • Hormone changes
62
Q

PALPITATIONS - POPULATION AFFECTED

A

Adults

63
Q

PALPITATIONS - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Stress
  • Anxiety disorders
  • Panic disorders
  • Pregnancy
  • Hyperthyroidism
64
Q

PALPITATIONS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Feeling of fast-beating, fluttering or pounding heart
  • May be felt in throat or neck as well as chest
  • Can occur at rest or during activity
65
Q

PALPITATIONS - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Usually harmless
  • Rarely a symptom of a more serious condition
66
Q

DYSNOEA - DEFINITION

A

Difficult, painful breathing or shortness of breath

67
Q

DYSNOEA - CAUSE

A
  • Strenuous exercise
  • Extreme temps
  • Obesity
  • Higher altitude
  • Likely sign of medical problem in situations other than above
68
Q

DYSNOEA - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
69
Q

DYSNOEA - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Heart disease
  • Respiratory infection
  • Cancer
    o Especially lung
  • Asthma
  • Obesity
70
Q

DYSNOEA - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Shortness of breath
  • Intense tightening of chest
71
Q

DYSNOEA - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Bronchodilators can open airways
  • Steroids reduce swelling
  • Px medication
72
Q

SYNCOPE - DEFINITION

A
  • Temporary loss of consciousness caused by a fall in blood pressure
  • Triggers heart rate and blood pressure to drop suddenly
  • Leads to reduced blood flow to the brain  brief loss of consciousness
73
Q

SYNCOPE - CAUSE

A
  • Occurs when part of nervous system that regulates HR and blood pressure malfunctions to a trigger
  • HR slows and blood vessels in legs dilate
  • Allows blood to pool in legs, which lowers blood pressure
  • Combined drop in blood pressure and slowed HR quickly reduces blood flow to your brain  fainting
  • Common triggers- heat exposure, standing for long period of time, seeing blood, having blood drawn, fear of bodily injury
74
Q

SYNCOPE - POPULATION AFFECTED

A

Most common in children and young adults

75
Q

SYNCOPE - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Over heating
  • Dehydration
  • Heavy sweating
  • Sudden changes of body position- blood pooling in legs
76
Q

SYNCOPE - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Pale skin
  • Light-headedness
  • Tunnel/blurred vision
  • Nausea
  • Feeling warm
  • Cold, clammy sweat
  • During episode- dilated pupils, slow, weak pulse, and jerky movements
77
Q

SYNCOPE - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Usually harmless and requires no treatment
  • Potential to injure yourself during syncope episode
  • Doctor may recommend tests to rule out more-serious causes, such as heart disease
  • Cant prevent- lie down and lift legs if feeling faint
78
Q

OEDEMA - PITTING VS NON-PITTING - DEFINITION

A

A condition characterised by an excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body

79
Q

OEDEMA - PITTING VS NON-PITTING - CAUSE

A
  • Non-pitting- due to lymphatic blockage, cant get rid of excess water, typically cancer or lymphatics
  • Pitting- venous, typically CV, kidney or liver
  • Unilateral- deep vein thrombosis, soft tissue infection, trauma, immobility, lymphatic obstruction
  • Bilateral- heart failure, chronic venous insufficiency, drugs (e.g., NSAIDs), inferior vena cava obstruction, immobility
  • Pregnancy
80
Q

OEDEMA - PITTING VS NON-PITTING - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Older adults
  • Pregnant women
81
Q

OEDEMA - PITTING VS NON-PITTING - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Being pregnant
  • Certain medication
  • Having long-lasting illness, e.g., congestive heart failure
  • Having surgery that involves a lymph node
82
Q

OEDEMA - PITTING VS NON-PITTING - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Swollen lower limbs (can affect anywhere in body)
  • Pitting- leaves dimple
  • Puffiness
  • Stretched or shiny skin
  • If left too long legs may turn brown, haemosiderin- toxin in blood comes to surface to try and be removed
83
Q

OEDEMA - PITTING VS NON-PITTING - PROGNOSIS

A
  • See a doctor if shortness of breath, irregular heartbeat, chest P
  • Mild usually goes away- compression socks, raising affected arm/leg higher than heart
84
Q

PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE - DEFINITION

A
85
Q

PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE - CAUSE

A
  • Usually due to atherosclerosis
  • Blood vessel inflammation
  • Injury to arms or legs
  • Radiation exposure
  • Changes in muscles or ligaments
86
Q

PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • People over 60
  • People with diabetes
  • Men
87
Q

PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Family Hx
  • High blood pressure
  • High cholesterol
  • Increasing age (65+)
  • Obesity (BMI over 30)
88
Q

PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Mild or no symptoms- mainly leg P whilst walking
  • Coldness in lower leg or foot
  • Numbness or weakness
  • P cramping in one or both hips, thighs, calf muscles after certain activities
  • Shiny skin on legs
  • Skin colour changes
  • Hair loss/slow growth on legs
  • Sores on toes, feet or legs that won’t heal
89
Q

PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Inform doctor if in P, numbness or other symptoms of PVD
  • Complications are critical limb ischemia (causes tissue death, symptoms are open sores on limbs that don’t heal) and stroke/heart attack
  • Prevention- don’t smoke, healthy/active lifestyle, low saturated fat diet
90
Q

VASCULITIS - DEFINITION

A
  • Inflammation of the blood vessels
  • Causes walls of blood vessel to thicken, reducing pathway through vessel, restricting blood flow to tissues leading to damage
91
Q

VASCULITIS - CAUSE

A
  • Not fully understood
  • Some types related to genetic makeup
  • Others from immune system attacking blood vessel cells by mistake
  • Immune system reaction include
    o Infections, such as hepatitis B and hepatitis C
    o Blood cancers
    o Immune system diseases
     Rheumatoid arthritis
     Lupus
     Scleroderma
    o Reactions to certain drugs
92
Q

VASCULITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED

A

Adults over 50

93
Q

VASCULITIS - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Age
    o After 50
  • Family history
    o Of Behcet’s disease, granulomatosis
  • Lifestyle
    o Smoking
    o Use of recreational drugs
  • Medications
    o Minocycline
    o Allopurinal
  • Infections
    o Hep B and C
  • Sex
    o Women more than men
94
Q

VASCULITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
  • General aches and pains
  • Other parts of the body may be affected
    o Digestive system
     Px after eating
    o Ears
     Ringing
    o Eyes
     Red appearance with itch/burn
    o Hands and feet
     Numbness and weakness
    o Lungs
     Shortness of breath
    o Skin
     Bleeding under the skin can show up as red sports
95
Q

VASCULITIS - PROGNOSIS

A

Complications can lead to organ damage, blood clots and aneurysms, vision loss and blindness or infections

SHF 204 - OSTEO SKILLS 4 CONDITIONS (7 decks)

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