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SHF 204 - OSTEO SKILLS 4 CONDITIONS > ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

HYPOTHYROID DISEASE - DEFINITION

A

Hypothyroidism happens when the thyroid gland doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone

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2
Q

HYPOTHYROID DISEASE - SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

A
  • Symptoms depend on the severity of the conditions
  • Problems tend to develop slowly
  • Tiredness
  • More sensitivity to cold
  • Constipation
  • Dry skin
  • Weight gain
  • Puffy face
  • Hoarse voice
  • Coarse hair and skin
  • Muscle weakness
  • Muscle aches, tenderness and stiffness
  • Menstrual cycles that are heavier than usual or irregular
  • Thinning hair
  • Bradycardia
  • Depression
  • Memory problems
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3
Q

HYPOTHYROID DISEASE - IN INFANTS

A
  • Feeding problems
  • Poor growth
  • Poor weight gain
  • Jaundice
  • Constipation
  • Poor muscle tone
  • Dry skin
  • Hoarse crying
  • Enlarged tounge
  • Soft swelling or bulge near the belly button – umbilical hernia
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4
Q

HYPOTHYROID DISEASE - IN CHILDREN AND TEENS

A
  • In general symptoms are similar to adults but they may also have:
  • Poor growth that leads to short stature
  • Delayed development of permanent teeth
  • Delayed puberty
  • Poor mental development
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5
Q

HYPER THYROID DISEASE - DEFINITION

A

Hyperthyroidism happens when the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone

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6
Q

HYPER THYROID DISEASE - SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

A
  • Sometimes looks like other health problems
  • Losing weight without trying
  • Tachycardia - Fast heartbeat
  • Arrhythmia – irregular heartbeat
  • Pounding of the heart
  • Heart palpitations
  • Increased hunger
  • Nervousness, anxiety and irritability
  • Tremor - Usually a small trembling in the hands and fingers
  • Sweating
  • Changes in menstrual cycle
  • Increased sensitivity to heat
  • Changes in bowel patterns - Especially more-frequent bowel movements
  • Enlarged thyroid gland
    o Sometimes called goiter
    o May appear as a swelling at the base of the neck
  • Tiredness
  • Muscle weakness
  • Sleep problems
  • Warm, moist skin
  • Thinning skin
  • Fine, brittle hair
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7
Q

CUSHING’S DISEASE - DEFINITION

A
  • Cushing syndrome occurs when your body has too much of the hormone cortisol over time
  • This can result from taking oral corticosteroid medication, or your body might produce too much cortisol
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8
Q

CUSHING’S DISEASE - CAUSE

A
  • Cushing syndrome is caused by there being too much of the hormone cortisol in the body
  • Cortisol is produced in the adrenal glands and plays a variety of roles in the body, which is why Cushing syndrome has such a wide range of symptoms
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9
Q

CUSHING’S DISEASE - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Females, aged 20-50
  • People who take steroid medication
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10
Q

CUSHING’S DISEASE - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Sex - Females
  • Younger adults - 20 – 50
  • Taking oral steroids for long periods of time
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11
Q

CUSHING’S DISEASE - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A

o Weight gain and fatty tissue deposits, particularly around the midsection and upper back, in the face (moon face) and between the shoulders (buffalo hump)
o Pink or purple stretch marks (striae) on the skin of the abdomen, thighs, breasts and arms
o Thinning, fragile skin that bruises easily
o Slow healing cuts, insect bites and infections
o Acne
o Severe fatigue
o Muscle weakness
o Depression, anxiety and irritability
o Loss of emotional control
o Cognitive difficulties
o New or worsened high blood pressure
o Headache
o Infections
o Skin darkening
o Bone loss, leading to fractures over time
o Impaired growth (in children)

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12
Q

CUSHING’S DISEASE - CLINICAL PRESENTATION - WOMEN

A

o Thicker or more visible body and facial hair (hirsutism)
o Irregular or absent menstrual periods

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13
Q

CUSHING’S DISEASE - CLINICAL PRESENTATION - MEN

A

o Decreased sex drive
o Decreased fertility
o Erectile dysfunction

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14
Q

CUSHING’S DISEASE - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Can be cured in most cases, although it may take some time for symptoms to ease
  • If left untreated it can be fatal
  • Treatment involves
    o Reducing corticosteroid use
    o Surgery
     If its caused by a tumour
    o Radiation therapy
    o Medication
    o Lifestyle changes
     Increase activities slowly
     Eat sensibly
     Monitor mental health
     Soothe aches and pains with hot baths, massages and low-impact exercises
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15
Q

ADDISON’S DISEASE - DEFINITION

A
  • An uncommon illness that occurs when the body doesn’t make enough of certain hormones
  • Also called adrenal insufficiency
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16
Q

ADDISON’S DISEASE - CAUSE

A
  • Caused by damage to the adrenal glands
  • Damage to the adrenal glands results in too little of the hormone cortisol, and often, the hormone aldosterone
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17
Q

ADDISON’S DISEASE - POPULATION AFFECTED

A

Women aged between 30 and 50

18
Q

ADDISON’S DISEASE - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Sex - Female
  • Age - Can affect anyone, Most common between 30 and 50
  • Some autoimmune diseases - Type 1 diabetes, Hypoparathyroidism
  • Certain genetic defects
19
Q

ADDISON’S DISEASE - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Symptoms usually happen slowly, often over months
  • The disease can move slowly with people ignoring the symptoms, then a stress, such as an illness or injury makes symptoms worse
  • Extreme fatigue
  • Weight loss
  • Loss of appetite
  • Areas of darkened skin
  • Low blood pressure, even fainting
  • Salt craving
  • Hypoglycaemia
    o Low blood sugar
  • Nausea, diarrhoea or vomiting
  • Abdominal px
  • Muscle and joint px
  • Irritability
  • Depression
  • Body hair loss
  • Sexual issues
20
Q

ADDISON’S DISEASE - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Most people with the condition have a normal life span and are able to live an active life with few limitations
  • However, many people do experience bouts of fatigue
  • People with Addison’s disease are also more at risk of having associated health problems
    o Diabetes
    o Hypothyroidism
  • Treated by replacing the missing hormones with synthetic versions of them
  • Prognosis is generally good
  • People with Addison’s disease will have to take medicine for the rest of their lives but they can live happy, healthy lives while on this medication
21
Q

SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS - DEFINITION

A
  • An auto immune disease
  • Occurs when the immune system attacks healthy tissue in the body
22
Q

SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS - CAUSE

A
  • An auto immune disease
  • Occurs when the immune system attacks healthy tissue in the body
  • Likely that lupus results from a combination of your genetics and your environment
  • It appears that people with an inherited predisposition for lupus may develop the diseasw when they come into contact with something in the environment that can trigger lupus
  • However the cause is unknown in most cases
  • Some potential triggers include
    o Sunlight
    o Infections
    o Medications
     Certain types of blood pressure medications
     Antiseizure medications
     Antibiotics
     People with drug induced lupus usually get better when they stop taking the medication
23
Q

SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS - POPULATION AFFECTED

A

Females aged 15 to 45 from minority ethnic backgrounds

24
Q

SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Sex - More common in women
  • Age - Can affect anyone, Most often diagnosed between the ages of 15 and 45
  • Race - More common in African Americans, Hispanics and Asian Americans
25
Q

SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Lupus is unique in every case
  • S&S may come on suddenly or develop slowly, may be mild or severe and may be temporary or permeant
  • Some people have mild disease episodes, called flares, where S&S get worse for a while the improve or even disappear completely for a time
26
Q

SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS - SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

A

o Fatigue
o Fever
o Jt px, stiffness and swelling
o Butterfly shaped rash on the face that covers the cheeks and bridge of the nose or rashes elsewhere on the body
o Skin lesions that appear or worsen with sun exposure
o Fingers and toes that turn white or blue when exposed to cold or during stressful periods
o Shortness of breath
o Chest px
o Dry eyes
o Headaches
o Confusion
o Memory loss

27
Q

SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS - PROGNOSIS

A
  • The way lupus is treated depends on several factors including
    o The symptoms and complications experienced
    o Severity of the case
    o Age
    o Type of medications you may be taking
    o General health
    o Medical history
  • Chronic condition that will need to be managed regularly
  • The goal of treatment is to get symptoms into remission (not active) and limit the amount og damage the disease does to the organs
  • Lupus is unpredictable
  • Common lupus medications include
    o Steroids
     Corticosteroids
     Including prednisone
    o Hydroxychloroquine
    o Azathioprine
    o Methotrexate belimumab
    o Rituximab
  • No cure
  • Condition can be managed to minimise the impact lupus has on your life, but it will never go away
28
Q

SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS - DEFINITION

A
  • A group of rare diseases that involve the hardening and tightening of the skin
  • May also cause problems in the blood vessels, internal organs and digestive tract
29
Q

SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS - CAUSE

A
  • Results from an overproduction and accumulation of collagen in body tissues
  • Collagen is a fibrous type of protein that makes up the body’s connective tissues, including the skin
  • The exact cause for this process to begin is unknown
  • The body’s immune system is thought to play a role
  • Most likely that scleroderma is cause by a combo of factors including
    o Immune system problems
    o Genetics
    o Environmental factors
30
Q

SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS - POPULATION AFFECTED

A

Women aged 30 – 50

31
Q

SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Genetics
  • Environmental triggers
    o May be triggered by certain viruses, medications or drugs
    o High exposure to certain chemicals or harmful substances
  • Immune system problems
    o Believed to be an autoimmune disease
32
Q

SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Symptoms vary from person to person, depending on which parts of the body are affected
  • Skin-related signs and symptoms
    o Hardening and tightening of the skin
    o First parts of the body that are affected are the
     Fingers
     Hands
     Feet
     Face
    o In some people the skin thickening can also involve the
     Forearms
     Upper arms
     Chest
     Abdomen
     Lower legs
     Thighs
    o Early symptoms include swelling and itching
    o Affected skin can become lighter or darker in colour and may look shiny because of the tightness
    o Some people also experience small red spots – telangiectasia – on their hands and face
    o Calcium deposits can form under the skin
     Especially at the fingertips
  • Raynaud’s phenomenon
33
Q

SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION - DIGESTIVE

A

o Heart burn
o Difficulty swallowing
o Bloating
o Diarrhoea
o Constipation
o Faecal incontinence

34
Q

SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION - HEART

A

o Irregular heartbeat
o Heart failure may also occur in some people

35
Q

SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION - LUNG

A

o Shortness of breath
o Decreased exercise tolerance
o Dizziness
o Pulmonary hypertension

36
Q

SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS - PROGNOSIS

A
  • No cure
  • Can live a healthy life with this disease
  • Treatment is directed at controlling and managing the symptoms
  • Because scleroderma can have many symptoms, a combo of approaches is often needed to treat and manage the disease
    o Skin treatments
    o Digestive remedies
    o Treatment for lung disease
  • Management for scleroderma
    o Exercise
    o Jt protection
    o Skin protection
    o Diet
    o Dental care
    o Stress management
37
Q

POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA (PMR) - DEFINITION

A
38
Q

POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA (PMR) - CAUSE

A
  • Unknown
  • Genetics- certain genes and gene variations can inc susceptibility
  • Enviro exposure- virus may act as trigger
39
Q

POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA (PMR) - POPULATION AFFECTED

A

65+

40
Q

POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA (PMR) - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Age- 70-80
  • Women 2-3x
  • Race- northern European or Scandinavian
41
Q

POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA (PMR) - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Usually bilateral
  • Aches/P in shoulders, hip and neck
  • Stiffness particularly in morning/after period of inactivity
  • Mild fever
  • Fatigue
  • Unintended weight loss
  • Depression
42
Q

POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA (PMR) - PROGNOSIS

A

Most eventually recover entirely from the disease or within 5 years

SHF 204 - OSTEO SKILLS 4 CONDITIONS (7 decks)

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