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SHF 204 - OSTEO SKILLS 4 CONDITIONS > RESPIRATORY SYSTEM > Flashcards

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

RESPIRATORY DISEASE - DEFINITION

A

Type of disease that affects the lungs and other types of the respiratory system

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2
Q

RESPIRATORY DISEASE - SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

A
  • Dyspnoea
  • Cough
  • Chest px
  • Wheeze
  • Weight loss
  • Fatigue
  • Chest infections
  • Mucus production coughing up blood
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3
Q

CAUSES OF BREATHLESSNESS - DEFINITION

A
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4
Q

CAUSES OF BREATHLESSNESS - CAUSES

A
  • Asthma
  • Chest infection
  • Being overweight
  • Smoking
  • Panic attack
  • COPD
  • Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  • Heart failure
  • Lung cancer
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5
Q

CAUSES OF BREATHLESSNESS - CVS

A
  • Angina
  • Heart attack
  • Heart failure
  • Some abnormal heart rhythms
    o Atrial fibrillation
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6
Q

CAUSES OF BREATHLESSNESS - GI

A
  • Any condition that leads to the build up of air or foodstuffs could cause both bloating anf breathlessness
  • Stool inside the intestines
  • IBS
  • Celiac disease
  • Lactose intolerance
  • Constipation
  • Ileus
  • Bowel obstruction
  • Gastroparesis
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7
Q

ACUTE BRONCHITIS - DEFINITION

A

Inflammation of lining of bronchial tube, which carries air from lungs

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8
Q

ACUTE BRONCHITIS - CAUSE

A
  • Usually caused by viruses, typically same as colds and flu (influenza)
  • Smoking
  • Air pollution
  • Dust
  • Toxic gas from environment
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9
Q

ACUTE BRONCHITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Can affect all ages, most common in children under 5
  • More commonly developed in winter
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10
Q

ACUTE BRONCHITIS - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Smoking
  • Low resistance- may result from another acute illness such as a cold
  • Exposure to irritants at work- e.g., grain or textiles
  • Gastric reflux- repeated bouts of severe heartburn can irritate throat and inc chance of bronchitis
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11
Q

ACUTE BRONCHITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Cough
  • Production of mucus=- clear, white, yellowish-grey or green, rarely may have streak of blood
  • Fatigue
  • Shortness of breath
  • Slight fever/chills
  • Chest discomfort
  • Potential body aches, mild headache
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12
Q

ACUTE BRONCHITIS - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Usually improves within a week to 10 days without lasting effects, although cough may linger for weeks
  • Antibiotics won’t work as it won’t kill influenza virus
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13
Q

BRONCHIOLOTIS - DEFINITION

A
  • Common lung infection
  • Causes inflammation and congestion in bronchioles
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14
Q

BRONCHIOLOTIS - CAUSE

A

Virus- influenza, rhinovirus, etc

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15
Q

BRONCHIOLOTIS - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Young children and infants
  • Peak time is during winter
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16
Q

BRONCHIOLOTIS - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Premature birth
  • Underlying heart or lung conditions
  • Depressed immune system
  • Exposure to tobacco smoke
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17
Q

BRONCHIOLOTIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Early- runny/stuffy nose, cough, slight fever (not always present)
  • After this may be a week or more of difficulty breathing or whistling of nose
  • Many infants have an ear infection (otitis media)
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18
Q

BRONCHIOLOTIS - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Most children get better with care at home
  • Small % hospitalised
  • See doctor if audible wheezing, breathing very fast, laboured breathing, lethargic appearance, refusal to drink, skin turning blue (cyanosis)
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19
Q

WHOOPING COUGH - DEFINITION

A

Highly contagious respiratory tract infection

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20
Q

WHOOPING COUGH - CAUSE

A
  • Bacteria called Bordetella perussis
  • When infected person coughs or sneezes, tiny germ-laden droplets are sprayed into air and inhaled by others
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21
Q

WHOOPING COUGH - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Before vaccine, considered childhood disease
  • Mainly affects children too young to finish full course of ABs or teens/adults whose immunity has faded
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22
Q

WHOOPING COUGH - RISK FACTORS

A
  • When vaccine wears off- leaves most teenagers and adults susceptible during outbreak
  • Infants under 12 months who are unvaccinated or haven’t received full set have highest risk for severe complications and death
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23
Q

WHOOPING COUGH - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Once infected, takes about 7-10 days to show symptoms
  • Runny nose
  • Nasal congestion
  • Red, watery eyes
  • Fever
  • Cough
  • After week or two- provoke vomiting, red/blue face, extreme fatigue, end with high pitched ‘whoop’ sound during next breath of air
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24
Q

WHOOPING COUGH - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Deaths are rare but most commonly occur in infants
  • See doctor if prolonged coughing causes vomiting, face to turn red/blue, pauses in breathing, inhale with whooping sound
  • Complications- bruised/cracked ribs, abdominal hernias, broken vessels in skin or whites of eyes
  • Infant complications- pneumonia, slowed/stopped breathing, seizures
  • Make sure fully vaccinated and boosted
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25
PNEUMONIA - DEFINITION
- Infection that inflames air sacs in one or both lungs - Sacs may fill with fluid or pus, causing cough, fever, child, and difficulty breathing
26
PNEUMONIA - CAUSE
- Variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi - Community acquired- most common type, occurs outside of hospitals. Caused by: 1. Bacteria- Streptococcus pneumoniae- occurs on its own once infected with a cold or flue 2. Bacteria like organisms- Mycoplasma pneumoniae- typically produces milder symptom’s 3. Fungi- most common in people with chronic health problems or weakened immune systems. Found in soil, bird droppings, etc 4. Viruses- most common in children younger than 5 - Hospital acquired- can be serious because bacteria causing it may be more resistant to ABs - Health care-acquired- occurs in people who live in long-term care facilities, similar to hospital - Aspiration- occurs when you inhale food, drink, vomit or saliva into lungs. More likely if something disturbs normal gag reflex, such as brain injury or swallowing problems
27
PNEUMONIA - POPULATION AFFECTED
People over 65
28
PNEUMONIA - RISK FACTORS
- Most serious for infants and young children (under 2) - People over 65 - Health problems/weakened immune system - Being hospitalised - Smoking
29
PNEUMONIA - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Mild to severe - Chest P when coughing or beathing - Confusion (65+) - Cough, may produce phlegm - Fatigue - Fever, sweating and shaking chills - Lower body temp - Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea - New-borns may not show signs
30
PNEUMONIA - PROGNOSIS
- Ranges from mild to life-threatening - Get vaccinated to prevent
31
TUBERCULOSIS - DEFINITION
- Potentially serious disease that mainly affects lungs - Inc prevalence in 1985 post HIV outbreak as HIV weakness immune system
32
TUBERCULOSIS - CAUSE
- Spread through droplets - Bacteria - Contagious, but not easy to catch - 2 weeks of treatment= no longer contagious
33
TUBERCULOSIS - POPULATION AFFECTED
Infants/children and elderly people
34
TUBERCULOSIS - RISK FACTORS
- HIV/AIDS - Diabetes - Severe kidney disease - Very young or advanced age - Some drugs with treat rheumatoid diseases
35
TUBERCULOSIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Latent TB- have Tb but bacteria in body are inactive and cause no symptoms, treatment important to prevent it becoming active - Active TB- show symptoms, can spread to others, can occur weeks or years after TB bacteria infection - Soughing for 3 or more weeks - Coughing up blood or mucus - Night sweats - Loss of appetite - Chest P especially when coughing or breathing
36
TUBERCULOSIS - PROGNOSIS
- Any TB strains are resistant to drugs - Multiple medication needed to be taken for months to get rid of infection and prevent AB resistance
37
EMPHYSEMA - DEFINITION
- Lung condition causing shortness of breath - Alveoli damaged, over time inner walls of air sacs weaken and rupture- creating large air spaces instead of small ones - Reduces SA of lungs  reduced oxygen to bloodstream - During exhalation, damaged alveoli don’t work properly and old air is trapped, leaving no room for oxygen-rich air to enter
38
EMPHYSEMA - CAUSE
Long-term exposure to airborne irritants e.g., tobacco smoke, air pollution, chemical fumes and dust
39
EMPHYSEMA - POPULATION AFFECTED
Cigarette smokers
40
EMPHYSEMA - RISK FACTORS
- Smoking - Age- 40-60 - Exposure to second-hand smoke - Occupational exposure to fumes or dust
41
EMPHYSEMA - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Can have it many years without noticing - Main symptom is shortness of breath, so doesn’t become a problem until it interferes with daily life - Causes shortness of breath whilst at rest
42
EMPHYSEMA - PROGNOSIS
Complications include- collapsed lungs, heart problems, large holes in lungs (bullae)
43
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS - DEFINITION
Productive cough that lasts at least three months, with recurring bouts occurring at least two consecutive years
44
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS - CAUSE
- Usually caused by viruses, typically same as colds and flu (influenza) - Smoking - Air pollution - Dust - Toxic gas from enviro
45
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED
65+
46
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS - RISK FACTORS
- Smokers - Low resistance- may result from another acute illness such as a cold - Exposure to irritants at work- e.g., grain or textiles - Gastric reflux- repeated bouts of severe heartburn can irritate throat and inc chance of bronchitis
47
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Cough - Production of mucus=- clear, white, yellowish-grey or green, rarely may have streak of blood - Fatigue - Shortness of breath - Slight fever/chills - Chest discomfort - Potential body aches, mild headache
48
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS - PROGNOSIS
No cure but can be significantly improved through managing condition through medication and lifestyle changes
49
ASTHMA - DEFINITION
Airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus
50
ASTHMA - CAUSE
- Not clear, thought to be due to combination of enviro and genetic factors - Triggers: 1. Airborne allergens- e.g., pollen, dust mites 2. Respiratory infections 3. Physical activity 4. Cold air 5. Air pollutants 6. Strong emotion/stress
51
ASTHMA - POPULATION AFFECTED
Female adults
52
ASTHMA - RISK FACTORS
- Blood relative with asthma - Overweight - Smoker - Exposure to second hand smoke - Exposure to exhaust fumes
53
ASTHMA - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Variable - May have infrequent asthma attacks - Shortness of breath - Chest tightness or P - Wheezing when exhaling, common in children - Trouble sleeping caused by shortness if breath - Worsening signs- more frequent and bothersome, inc difficulty breathing, need to use quick-relief inhaler
54
ASTHMA - PROGNOSIS
- Can be minor or major - Can’t be cured but symptoms can be controlled - Important to work with doctor to track signs and symptoms and adjust to changes
55
CYSTIC FIBROSIS - DEFINITION
- Inherited disorder that causes severe damage to lungs, digestive system and other organs - Affects cells that produce mucus, sweat and digestive juices- usually thin and slippery, people with CF have a defective gene causing secretions to be sticky and thick - Instead of acting as a lubricant it plugs up tubes, ducts and passageways especially in lungs and pancreas
56
CYSTIC FIBROSIS - CAUSE
- Mutation in a gene- cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene- changes protein that regulates movement of salts in and out of cells - Results in sticky mucus in respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems as well as inc salt in sweat - Children need to inherit one copy of the gene from each parent in order to have disease - If children develop one copy they won’t develop CF, however they will be carriers and could pass it one to their children
57
CYSTIC FIBROSIS - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Northern Europeans
58
CYSTIC FIBROSIS - RISK FACTORS
- Family Hx - Most common in Northern European ancestry
59
CYSTIC FIBROSIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Variable - May not experience symptoms until teenage years or adulthood - Tend to have higher salt in sweat, parents can tell when kissing their children - Respiratory- persistent cough that produces thick mucus, wheezing, exercise intolerance, repeated lung infections, recurrent sinusitis - Digestive- thick mucus can block rubes that carry digestive enzymes from pancreas to small intestines- without these unable to absorb nutrients from food resulting in foul smelling stools, poor weight gain and growth, intestinal blocks particularly in new-borns, chronic or severe constipation
60
CYSTIC FIBROSIS - PROGNOSIS
- Requires progressive treatment/daily care, but usually able to attend school or work - Improvements in screening treatments mean people with CF now may live into mid-late 30s or 40s, some into 50s - Genetic screening
61
LUNG CANCER - DEFINITION
- Leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide Types: 1. Small cell- almost exclusively in heavy smokers 2. Non-small cell- umbrella term for several types, includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma
62
LUNG CANCER - CAUSE
- Smoking- both smokers and those exposed to second hand o Damage to cells which line lungs o Inhalation of carcinogens changes kung tissue immediately - Other than smoking, no clear cause
63
LUNG CANCER - POPULATION AFFECTED
65+
64
LUNG CANCER - RISK FACTORS
- Smoking - Exposure to second hand - Previous radiation therapy - Family Hx of lung cancer
65
LUNG CANCER - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Rarely symptoms in early stages - New cough that doesn’t go away - Coughing up blood - Chest P - Shortness of breath - Hoarseness - Losing weight - Bone P - Headache
66
LUNG CANCER - PROGNOSIS
- Many complications- coughing up blood, shortness of breath, P, fluid in chest, cancer that spreads - 2/5 live for a year after diagnosis - 1/10 live for ten years
67
PNEUMOTHORAX - DEFINITION
- Collapsed lung - Occurs when air leaks into space between lung and chest wall - Air pushes on outside of lung and it collapses
68
PNEUMOTHORAX - CAUSE
- Chest injury- blunt or penetrating - Lung disease- damage inc likelihood, e.g., CF - Ruptured air blisters- develop at top of lung, occasionally burst allowing air to leak into space that surrounds lungs - Mechanical ventilation- severe type, imbalance of air pressure created within chest by ventilator
69
PNEUMOTHORAX - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Tall, thin people - Smokers
70
PNEUMOTHORAX - RISK FACTORS
- Smoking - Genetics - Previous pneumothorax
71
PNEUMOTHORAX - CLINICAL PESENTATION
- Sudden chest P - Shortness of breath - Severity depends on how much lung is collapsed
72
PNEUMOTHORAX - PROGNOSIS
- Insert needle or chest tube between ribs to remove excess air - Can heal on its own

SHF 204 - OSTEO SKILLS 4 CONDITIONS (7 decks)

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