Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PE > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

(66 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Pathway of blood

A

Body - vena cava - RA - tricuspid valve - RV - pulmonary semi-lunar valve - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - LA - bicuspid valve - LV - aortic semi-lunar valve - aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define myogenic

A

heart generates its own impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pathway of the cardiac conduction system

A

SAN - AVN - bundle of His - branches - purjinkie fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define systole

A

contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define diastole

A

relax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Role of AVN

A
  • impulse moves from SAN - AVN
  • delays transmission
  • allows atria systole and ventricles to fill up
  • sends signals to bundle of His
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define sympathetic nervous system

A

stimulates the heart to beat faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define parasympathetic nervous system

A

returns heart to resting heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define medulla oblongata

A

regulates process that keeps us alive such as breathing/ HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do chemoreceptors do

A
  • sense chemical changes
  • increased CO2 levels stimualtes sympathetic nervous system
  • increased HR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do baroreceptors do

A
  • responds to increased arterial pressure = increased stretch of atria = decreased HR
  • decreased arterial pressure = decreased stretch of atria = increased HR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do proprioreceptors do

A
  • detect muscle movement and increases HR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles in each contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define venous return

A

volume of blood returning to the heart via the veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define ejection fraction

A

percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Starling’s Law

A

increased venous return
greater diastolic filling of heart
cardiac muscle stretched
more force of contraction
increased ejection fraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Equation for ejection fraction

A

stroke volume/ end diastolic volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define HR

A

number of times the heart beats in a minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Equation of cardiac output

A

Q= SV x HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define cardiac hypertrophy

A

thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so it becomes bigger and stronger = larger ventricle cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define bradycardia

A

decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 bpm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 4 main mechanisms for venous return

A

1) pocket valves
2) respiratory pump
3) muscle pump
4) smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe how muscle pump works

A

during exercise working muscles will compress the veins during contraction and push blood back into the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Describe how respiratory pump works
increased respiration during exercise will increase/ change pressure in the thorax which pushes blood back into the heart
26
Describe how smooth muscle works
layer of muscle in the veins that contracts and pushes blood back up into the heart
27
Describe how pocket valves work
one way valves that stop the back flow of blood, thus maximising the volume of blood returning to the heart
28
Coronary heart disease
occurs when coronary arteries that supply the heart musle with oxygenated blood become blocked/ narrow cause a gradual build up of fatty deposists called ATHEROMA - process called ATHEROSCLEROSIS as they narrow they cannot deliver enough oxygen to the heart causing pain called AGINA
29
Process of build up of fatty deposists
atherosclerosis
30
What is a pain in the heart
Angina
31
Define high blood pressure
the force exerted by blood against the blood vessels
32
What does high blood pressure do
puts extra strain on the heart regular exercise decreases blood pressure - reduces systolic/ diastolic pressure
33
LDL
low density lipoproteins transport cholesterol in blood tissues and are classified as 'bad' cholesterol
33
HDL
high density lipoproteins transports excess cholesterol away from the heart back to the liver where it's broken down classified as 'good' cholesterol
34
Define stroke
occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off casuing a brain injury so brain cells start to die
35
Define ischaemic stroke
blood clot stops the blood supply to the brain
36
Define haemorrhagic stroke
weakened blood vessel supplying the brain bursts
37
Cardiovascular drift process
* in warm environment during exercise heart rate will increase to pump more blood to working muscles * this is compencated by less venous return = less ejection fraction = less cardiac stretch = less SV * plasma lost in sweat (vasodialition) so blood volume decreases * cardiac outuput maintained
38
What are the two types of circulation
1. pulmonary 2. systemic
39
Define pulmonary circulation
deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart
40
Define systemic circulation
oxygenated blood to the body from the heart and then deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
41
Equation of blood pressure
blood flow x resistance
42
Why is it important for venous return
* ensure oxygen is supplied to skeletal muscles at rest valves and smooth muscle is enough * demand for oxygen increases - skeletal pump + respiratory pump ensured VR is maintained * after exercise, cool down keeps them working/prevents blood pooling
43
What does the skeletal muscle pump do in venous return
muscles contract/ relax they change shape so they press on nearby veins squeezing the blood back to the heart
44
What does the respiratory pump do in venous return
during inspiration/ expiration the muslces contract = the changes of pressure occur in the thoraic (chest) and abdominal cavities this compresses nearby veins and assists blood return
45
What do pocket valves do in venous return
stops the back flow of blood so it travels directly back to the heart once blood has passed through they contract and squeeze the blood up
46
What happens to venous return with increased systolic pressure
increased venous return
47
Equation for pressure gradient
venous pressure (Pv) - right atrial pressure (Pra) / venous vascular resistance (Rv)
48
Definition for vascular resistance
the resistanec that must be overcome to push through the circulatory system
49
What happens if there is increased venous resistance
decreased venous return and constricition of veins
50
What is the pressure gradient like in peripheral veins and right atrium
very low as pressure gradient driving venous return to the heart is low
51
How many oxygen molecules does haemoglobin carry
4 - when fully saturated
52
Definition of myoglobin
iron containing muscle pigment in slow twitch fibres stores oxygen in muscle fibres which can be used quickly (high affinity for O2)
53
Definition of oxyhaemoglobin dissociation
release of oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin to the muscles and tissues
54
What direction does the curve during exercise move in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation graph
RIGHT
55
Definition of the Bohr shift
an increase of blood carbon dioxide levels and a decrease in pH resulting in a reduction of the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen
56
What are the three factors that increase dissocation of oxygen
1. increased blood temperature = increased temp O2 dissociates more readily 2. increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide = level of CO2 rises so does O2 level 3. pH = more CO2 will lower blood pH a drop in pH will cause it to dissociate quicker
57
Defintion of vascular shunt mechanism
the redistribution of cardiac output ( to the areas that need it )
58
Why should performers not eat less than an hour before their race
a full gut results in more blood being directed to the stomach to break dwon the food isntead of the working muscles so less O2 is readily available
59
What is blood pressure and blood flow controlled by
vasomotor centre (located in the medualla oblongta)
60
What happens in the vasomotor centre during exercise
chemical changes occur (increase in CO2 and lactic acid) this is detected by the chemoreceptors these stimualte the vasomotor centre so it redistributes blood flow through vasodilation and vasoconstriction
61
Definition of A-VO2 diff
difference between the O2 content of the arterial blood arriving athe the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles
62
What are pre-capillary sphincters
tiny rings of muscles located at the opening of capillaries
63
What is A-VO2 diff like at rest
it is low
64
What is A-VO2 diff during exercise
it is high
65
Where does vasoconstriction and vasodiliation occur
arterioles

PE (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions