respiratory system

Question 1

Pathway of air

Answer 1

1. Passes through the mouth
2. To the pharynx onto the larynx
3. Trachea
4. Right and left bronchus
5. Bronchioles
6. Alveoli

Question 3

Structure to function of the alveoli

Answer 3

• walls are very thin = short diffusion distance
• large number of alveoli = large surface = higher O2 uptake
• good blood supply = step concentration gradient

Question 4

Muscles used during inspiration at rest

Answer 4

• diaphragm
• external intercostal muscles

Question 5

Muscles used in inspiration during exercise

Answer 5

• diaphragm
• external intercostal muscles
• sternocleidomastoid
• scalenes
• pectoralis minor

Question 6

Muscles used during experation at rest

Answer 6

diaphragm
external intercostal muscles

Question 7

Muscles used in experation during exercise

Answer 7

internal intercostal muscles
abdominals

Question 8

Definition of minute ventilation

Answer 8

the volume of air inspired and expired per minute

Question 9

Definition of tidal volume

Answer 9

volume of air breathed in and out per breath

Question 10

Definition of inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 10

volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath

Question 11

Definition of expiratory reserve volume

Answer 11

volume of air that be forcibly expired after a normal breath

Question 12

Definition of residual volume

Answer 12

volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration

Question 13

Definition of spirometer

Answer 13

a device that is used to measure the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs

Question 14

Definition of the partial pressure

Answer 14

the pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists

Question 15

Why does the pressure in the muscles need to be lower than the blood

Answer 15

so oxygen can diffuse in from high to low

Question 16

Diffusion pathway of oxygen in the alveoli to the blood vessels

Answer 16

100mmHg - 40mmHg

Question 17

Diffusion pathway of carbon dioxide from the blood to the alveoli

Answer 17

45mmHg to 40mmHg

Question 18

Definition of pulmonary ventilation

Answer 18

breathing

Question 19

What does the respiratory centre control

Answer 19

the rate and depth of the breaths

Question 20

Definition of expiratory centre

Answer 20

stimulates the expiratory muscles during exercise

Question 21

Definition of inspiratory centre

Answer 21

responsible for controlling inspiration and expiration

Question 22

How does the inspiratory centre work

Answer 22

• sends impulses via the phrenic nerves to the inspiratory muscles(diaphragm and external intercostal muscles)
• causes them to contract
• this stimulation lasts for approx. 2 seconds and the impulse stops

Question 23

Control for the inspiratory centre

Answer 23

1. receptors
2. medulla
3. phrenic nerve
4. diaphragm and external intercostal muscels

Question 24

Control for expiratory centre

Answer 24

1. receptors
2. medulla
3. intercostal nerve
4. abdominals and internal intercostal muscles

Question 25

What do stretch receptors do

Answer 25

prevent over-inflation of the lungs by sending impulses to the expiratory centre, down the intercostal muscles, to the expiratory muscles

Question 26

What do the proprioreceptors do

Answer 26

provides feedback to the respiratory centre to increase breathing rate during exercise

Question 27

What do the barioreceptors do

Answer 27

detect decreased blood pressure in aorta and carotid artery to increase breathing rate

Question 28

Definition of respiration

Answer 28

taking in of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide

Question 29

Definition of internal respiration

Answer 29

exchange of gases between the blood and capillaries and body cells

Question 30

Definition of external respiration

Answer 30

gaseous exchange between the blood and the lungs

Question 31

Definition of cellular respiration

Answer 31

metabolic reactions and processes that take place in a cell to obtain energy from fuels such as glucose

Question 32

What does smoking do to the lungs

Answer 32

* irritates the trachae and bronchi * reduces lung function and increased breathlessness due to increased narrowing of the airway

Question 33

What happens if the cilia in the lungs is damaged

Answer 33

* excess mucus can build up in the lung passages which leads to smokers cough * damage the alveoli as their walls break down and join together to form a large air space (reduce efficiency of gaseous exchange - leads to COPD)

Question 34

Definition of COPD (chronic obsrtuctive pulmonary disease)

Answer 34

long term progressive disease that causes shortness of breath main cause is smoking

Question 35

Why do people that smoke become breathless

Answer 35

carbon monoxide binds to the haemoglobin more readily than oxygen reduces oxygen carrying capacity of the blood which increases breathlessness