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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

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1
Q

organ system where the exchange of materials throughout the body

A

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

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2
Q

cells can exchange materials directly with the surrounding medium

A

DIFFUSION in small animals or thin animals

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3
Q

cells exchange materials with the environment via a fluid-filled circulatory system

A

DIFFUSION in most animals

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4
Q

functions in both digestive and distribution of substances,

A

GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY

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5
Q

animals with body well is only 2 cells thick

A

jellyfish cnidarians and flatworms

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6
Q

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM components:

A

circulatory fluid
set of interconnecting vessels
muscular pump ( heart )

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7
Q

may be open or closed
may vary in number of circuits in the body

A

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

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8
Q

insects, other arthropods, and some molluscs circulatory system
do not have blood vessel
presence of hemolymph
body fluids are continuous within the body

A

OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

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9
Q

circulatory fluid that bathes the organs directly
white, clear, or yellowish-white instead of red blood color

A

hemolymph

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10
Q

annelids, vertebrates, and cephalopods circulatory system
presence of blood
blood enters in the atrium
blood is pumped out in the ventricle

A

CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

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11
Q

confined to vessels
moves along the blood vessels
distinct from the interstitial fluid

A

blood

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12
Q

closed circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates

A

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

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13
Q

arteries
veins
capillaries

A

3 main types of blood vessels

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14
Q

branch into arterioles and carry blood away from the heart, toward the capillaries

A

arteries

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15
Q

branch into venules and return blood to the heart

A

veins

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16
Q

network of vessels and site of chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluids

A

capillaries

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17
Q

blood enters in the ___

A

atrium

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18
Q

blood is pumped out in the ___

A

ventricle

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19
Q

brings blood from the circulation back into the heart

A

atrium

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20
Q

pumps the blood out

A

ventricle

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21
Q

bony fishes, rays, and sharks have single circulation with a two-chambered heart
blood leaving the heart passes through 2 capillary beds before returning

A

SINGLE CIRCULATION

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22
Q

single circulation pathway

A

atrium - ventricle - artery - gill capillaries - body capillaries - vein - heart

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23
Q

amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the heart
maintains higher blood pressure in the organs than does single circulation

A

DOUBLE CIRCULATION

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24
Q

amphibians:
lung & skin capillaries ( to get oxygen ) - atrium - heart-ventricle - artery ( to deliver oxygenated blood ) - systemic circuit

A

pulmocutaneous circuit

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25
amphibians: systemic capillaries ( exchange of gases / gets deoxygenated blood ) - veins - atrium - heart
systemic circuit
26
oxygen-poor blood flows through the pulmonary circuit to pick up oxygen through the lungs
reptiles and mammals closed circulatory system
27
reptiles and mammals:
oxygen-poor blood flows through the pulmonary circuit to pick up oxygen through the lungs
28
reptiles and mammals: no skin is involved lung capillaries - left atrium - left ventricle - artery - systemic circuit
pulmonary circuit
29
reptiles and mammals: systemic capillaries - vein - right atrium - right ventricle
systemic circuit
30
reptiles and mammals closed circulatory system pathway
getting oxygen from pulmonary circuit - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta - systemic circuit to distribute oxygen rich blood - vein - right atrium - right ventricle
31
some vertebrates with double circulation are, amphibians and many reptiles, relying on skin for gas exhange
intermittent breathers
32
3-chambered heart, 2 atria, 1 ventricle
frogs and amphibians
33
a septum divides the ventricles pulmonary and systemic circuits connect where arteries exit the heart still 3-chambered heart, 2 atria, 1 ventricle
reptiles / alligators, caimans, and other crocodilians
34
mammals and birds heart parts
4-chambered heart 2 atria 2 ventricles right: deoxygenated left: oxygenated
35
pathway of the circulatory system in mammals and birds
right ventricle pulmonary artery lungs ( blood gets oxygen, release carbon dioxide ) pulmonary vein left atrium left ventricle aorta body tissues via capillaries ( blood exchange ) superior (upper portion of the body) and inferior (lower portion of the body) vena cava right atrium right ventricle
36
2 atria, 2 ventricles found in the thorax region protected by rib cage enclosed in pericardium
THE MAMMALIAN HEART
37
with relatively thin walls serve as collection chambers for blood returning to the heart
atria
38
with thicker walls contract much more forcefully pump out blood
ventricles
39
(valves) tricuspid valve ( RA & RV ) bicuspid, mitral valve ( LA & LV )
atrioventricular valves
40
(valves) pulmonary semilunar valve ( RV & pulmonary artery ) aortic semilunar valve ( LF & aorta )
semilunar valves
41
muscles that hold the atrioventricular valves
chordae tendineae
42
contraction or pumping phase
systole
43
relaxation or filling phase
diastole
44
normal heartbeat creates what sound
normal heartbeat creates a lub-dub sound
45
recoil of blood against AV valves
lub
46
recoil of blood against semilunar valves
dub
47
checked in the pulse number of beats per minute
heart rate
48
backflow of blood through a defective valve
heart murmur
49
pacemaker sets the rate and timing at which the cardiac muscle cells contract found in right atrium
sinoatrial ( SA ) node
50
MAINTAINING THE HEART’S RHYTHMIC BEAT
impulses from the SA node goes down to the atrioventricular ( AV ) node, to the bundle of his, then purkinje fibers, cause the contraction
51
recording of the impulses that travel during the cardiac cycle
electrocardiogram ( ECG or EKG )
52
what wave does the SA node make
P wave
53
what wave does the AV node make
PR interval
54
what wave does the Bundle of His node make
start of QRS complex
55
what wave does the Purkinje fibers make
QRS complex
56
connective tissue consisting of several kinds of cells suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma
blood
57
55% of the blood 98% of ____ is water contains electrolytes
plasma
58
contains inorganic salts as dissolved ions
electrolytes
59
most abundant plasma proteins
albumin
60
influence blood pH and help maintain osmotic balance between blood and interstitial fluid function in lipid transport, immunity, and blood clotting
plasma proteins
61
about 45% of the volume of the blood
cellular elements
62
cells in the blood that contain hemoglobin, biconcave in shape
red blood cells ( erythrocytes )
63
iron- containing protein that transports the oxygen, each molecule binds to 4 molecules of oxygen
hemoglobin
64
in mammals, mature erythrocytes do not have nuclei and mitochondria
red blood cells ( erythrocytes )
65
for defense either by phagocytizing bacteria and debris or by mounting immune responses against foreign substances found both inside and outside of the circulatory system
white blood cells ( leukocytes )
66
a type of white blood cell that has small granules inside them, contain proteins
granulocytes
67
3 granulocytes
basophil eosinophil neutrophil
68
>1% indicates inflammation or allergic reaction histamine
basophil
69
WBC against parasitic worms antihistamine
eosinophil
70
WBC against bacteria
neutrophil
71
fewer granules, white blood cells that have no distinct granules in their cytoplasm
agranulocytes
72
agranulocytes 2 types
lymphocyte monocyte
73
WBC on immune responses
lymphocyte
74
macrophages or phagocytes
monocyte
75
formed in the bone marrow came from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes / myeloid stem cells cell fragments that are involved in clotting release thromboplastin and other clotting factors
platelets ( thrombocytes )
76
formation of solid clot from liquid blood
coagulation
77
cascade of complex reactions converts inactive fibrinogen into fibrin
BLOOD CLOTTING
78
blood clot formed within a blood vessel can block blood flow
thrombus
79
thin-walled vessels that would extend to different parts of the body to collect lymph
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
80
clear-to-white fluid made of: White blood cells, especially lymphocytesthe cells that attack bacteria in the blood and body tissues. transfer fat molecules absorbed from the small intestine trap and remove foreign particles plays a major role in the body’s defenses
lymph
81
together with the _______, they are for production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes
thymus gland and bone marrow

ZOOLONE 3 (6 decks)

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